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We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The Art of Multiprocessor Programming

Stephen J. Hartley Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, 260 pp. ISBN 0-19-511315-2, $45.00 Concurrent Programming  is a thorough treatment of Java multi-threaded programming for both a stand-alone and distributed environment. Designed mostly for students in concurrent or parallel programming classes, the text is also an excellent reference for the practicing professional developing multi-threaded programs or applets. Hartley first provides a complete explanation of the features of Java necessary to write concurrent programs, including topics such as exception handling, interfaces, and packages. He then gives the reader a solid background to write multi-threaded programs and also presents the problems introduced when writing concurrent programs—namely race conditions, mutual exclusion, and deadlock. Hartley also provides several software solutions that do not require the use of common process and thread mechanisms. Once the groundwork is laid for writing concurrent programs, Hartley then takes a different approach than most Java references. Rather than presenting how Java handles mutual exclusion with the  synchronized  keyword (although it is covered later), he first looks at semaphore-based solutions to classic concurrent problems such as bounded-buffer, readers-writers, and the dining philosophers. Hartley also uses the same approach to develop Java classes for monitors and message passing. This unique approach to introducing concurrency allows the readers to both understand how Java threads are synchronized and how the basic synchronization mechanism can be used to construct more abstract tools such as semaphores. If there is a shortcoming with the text it is with the lack of sufficient coverage of remote method invocation (RMI), although there is a section covering RMI. This is quite understandable as RMI is a fairly recent phenomenon with the Java community. Also, the classes that Hartley provides could easily implement RMI rather than sockets to handle communication. The strengths of the book include its ease in reading, several examples at the end of chapters, a package similar to Xtango that provides algorithm animation, and a supportive web site by the author (see  www.mcs.drexel.edu/~shartley/ConcProgJava/index.html ) including compressed source code. As Java becomes more dominant on the server side of multi-tier applications, writing thread-safe concurrent applications becomes even more important.  Concurrent Programming  is a strong step towards teaching students and professionals such skills. Greg Gagne, Westminster College of Salt Lake City Salt Lake City, Utah

Distributed Computing: Fundamentals, Simulations and Advanced Topics

We present a new lock-free algorithm for concurrent manipulation of a binary search tree in an asynchronous shared memory system that supports search, insert and delete operations. In addition to read and write instructions, our algorithm uses (single-word) compare-and-swap (CAS) and bit-test-and-set (SETB) atomic instructions, both of which are commonly supported by many modern processors including Intel~64 and AMD64.In contrast to existing lock-free algorithms for a binary search tree, our algorithm is based on marking edges rather than nodes. As a result, when compared to other lock-free algorithms, modify (insert and delete) operations in our algorithm work on a smaller portion of the tree, thereby reducing conflicts, and execute fewer atomic instructions (one for insert and three for delete). Our experiments indicate that our lock-free algorithm significantly outperforms all other algorithms for a concurrent binary search tree in many cases, especially when contention is high, by as much as 100%.

Fast concurrent lock-free binary search trees

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is a promising emerging technology that enables a more efficient usage of already assigned spectrum. However, before CR networks can be deployed, new algorithms and protocols need to be developed. When forming an ad-hoc cognitive radio network (CRN), one of the fundamental tasks is to determine the neighbors of each node and channels that can be used to communicate among neighbors. The nature of the CRN makes this a challenging problem. Specifically in CRN, not only the network is multi-channel, but the channels available at different nodes may be different. Furthermore no time synchronization may be available to nodes. In this paper, we propose an asynchronous distributed algorithm that allows nodes to discover their neighbors and channels that can be used to communicate with them in a single-hop CRN.

An Asynchronous Neighbor Discovery Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Networks

We introduce the notion of a slice of a distributed computation. A slice of a distributed computation with respect to a global predicate is a computation which captures those and only those consistent cuts of the original computation which satisfy the global predicate. We show that a slice exists for a global predicate iff the predicate is a regular predicate. We then give an efficient algorithm for computing the slice and show applications of slicing to testing and debugging of distributed programs.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~garg/dist/dcs01-slice.pdf

On slicing a distributed computation

We generalize the notion of slice introduced in our earlier paper [6]. A slice of a distributed computation with respect to a global predicate is the smallest computation that contains all consistent cuts of the original computation that satisfy the predicate. We prove that slice exists for all global predicates. We also establish that it is, in general, NP-complete to compute the slice. An optimal algorithm to compute slices for special cases of predicates is provided. Further, we present an efficient algorithm to graft two slices, that is, given two slices, either compute the smallest slice that contains all consistent cuts that are common to both slices or compute the smallest slice that contains all consistent cuts that belong to at least one of the slices. We give application of slicing in general and grafting in particular to global property evaluation of distributed programs. Finally, we show that the results pertaining to consistent global checkpoints [14,18] can be derived as special cases of computation slicing.

Computation Slicing: Techniques and Theory

https://www.utdallas.edu/~neerajm/publications/journals/discovery.pdf

Neeraj Mittal

Papers

Fast concurrent lock-free binary search trees

An Asynchronous Neighbor Discovery Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Networks

On slicing a distributed computation

Computation Slicing: Techniques and Theory

Time-efficient distributed layer-2 auto-configuration for cognitive radio networks