Natural structural materials are built at ambient temperature from a fairly limited selection of components. They usually comprise hard and soft phases arranged in complex hierarchical architectures, with characteristic dimensions spanning from the nanoscale to the macroscale. The resulting materials are lightweight and often display unique combinations of strength and toughness, but have proven difficult to mimic synthetically. Here, we review the common design motifs of a range of natural structural materials, and discuss the difficulties associated with the design and fabrication of synthetic structures that mimic the structural and mechanical characteristics of their natural counterparts.

Bioinspired structural materials

This chapter introduces the finite element method (FEM) as a tool for solution of classical electromagnetic problems. Although we discuss the main points in the application of the finite element method to electromagnetic design, including formulation and implementation, those who seek deeper understanding of the finite element method should consult some of the works listed in the bibliography section.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method

Additive manufacturing (AM) is poised to bring about a revolution in the way products are designed, manufactured, and distributed to end users. This technology has gained significant academic as well as industry interest due to its ability to create complex geometries with customizable material properties. AM has also inspired the development of the maker movement by democratizing design and manufacturing. Due to the rapid proliferation of a wide variety of technologies associated with AM, there is a lack of a comprehensive set of design principles, manufacturing guidelines, and standardization of best practices. These challenges are compounded by the fact that advancements in multiple technologies (for example materials processing, topology optimization) generate a "positive feedback loop" effect in advancing AM. In order to advance research interest and investment in AM technologies, some fundamental questions and trends about the dependencies existing in these avenues need highlighting. The goal of our review paper is to organize this body of knowledge surrounding AM, and present current barriers, findings, and future trends significantly to the researchers. We also discuss fundamental attributes of AM processes, evolution of the AM industry, and the affordances enabled by the emergence of AM in a variety of areas such as geometry processing, material design, and education. We conclude our paper by pointing out future directions such as the "print-it-all" paradigm, that have the potential to re-imagine current research and spawn completely new avenues for exploration. The fundamental attributes and challenges/barriers of Additive Manufacturing (AM).The evolution of research on AM with a focus on engineering capabilities.The affordances enabled by AM such as geometry, material and tools design.The developments in industry, intellectual property, and education-related aspects.The important future trends of AM technologies.

The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering

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Difference and Repetition

The past few decades have seen substantial growth in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies. However, this growth has mainly been process-driven. The evolution of engineering design to take advantage of the possibilities afforded by AM and to manage the constraints associated with the technology has lagged behind. This paper presents the major opportunities, constraints, and economic considerations for Design for Additive Manufacturing. It explores issues related to design and redesign for direct and indirect AM production. It also highlights key industrial applications, outlines future challenges, and identifies promising directions for research and the exploitation of AM's full potential in industry.

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Design for additive manufacturing: trends, opportunities, considerations, and constraints

We present a position-based dynamics model for microcolony growth. In addition to achieving fast and stable simulation of thousands of cells, this model allows for the computation of cell interacti...

Viva in Silico: A position-based dynamics model for microcolony morphology simulation

Distributed forms of construction in the biological world are characterized by the ability to generate complex adaptable large-scale structures with tunable properties. In contrast, state-of-the-art digital construction platforms in design lack such abilities. This is mainly due to limitations associated with fixed and inflexible gantry sizes as well as challenges associated with achieving additively manufacturing constructs that are at once structurally sound and materially tunable. To tackle these challenges we propose a multi-nodal distributed construction approach that can enable design and construction of larger-than-gantry-size structures. The system can generate and respond to integrated real-time feedback for parameters such as material curing duration and position awareness. We demonstrate this approach through a software environment designed to control multiple robots operating collaboratively to additively manufacture large-scale structures. We present and report on a novel computational workflow as well as work-in-progress of a digital fabrication environment. The environment combines a centralized system designed to manage top-down design intent given by environmental variables, with a decentralized system designed to compute, in a bottom up manner, parameters such as multi-node rule-based collision, asynchronous motion, multi-nodal construction sequence and variable material deposition properties. The paper reports on a successful first deployment of the system and demonstrates novel features characteristic of fabrication-information modelling such as multi-nodal cooperation, material-based flow and deposition, and environmentally informed digital construction.

https://www.materialecology.com/assets/pdf/DMSC_2015_DuroMogasKayserOxman.pdf

Modelling Behaviour for Distributed Additive Manufacturing

Abstract The architecture of honey bee combs embodies a range of expressions associated with swarm intelligence, emergent behaviors, and social organization, which has drawn scientists to study them as a model of collective construction processes. Until recently, however, the development of models to characterize comb-building behavior has relied heavily on laborious manual observations and measurements. The use of high-throughput multi-scale analyses to investigate the geometric features of Apis mellifera comb therefore has the potential to vastly expand our understanding of comb-building processes. Inspired by this potential, here we explore connections between geometry and behavior by utilizing computational methods for the detailed examination of hives constructed within environments designed to observe how natural building rule sets respond to environmental perturbations. Using combs reconstructed from X-ray micro-computed tomography source data, we introduce a set of tools to analyze geometry and material distributions from these scans, spanning from individual cells to whole-hive-level length scales. Our results reveal relationships between cell geometry and comb morphology, enable the generalization of prior research on build direction, demonstrate the viability of our methods for isolating specific features of comb architecture, and illustrate how these results may be employed to investigate hive-level behaviors related to build-order and material distributions. 

/pdf/computational-methods-for-the-characterization-of-apis-1n6x6w7q.pdf

Computational methods for the characterization of Apis mellifera comb architecture

Photon mapping of geometrically complex glass structures: Methods and experimental evaluation

Research has indicated that pigments commonly produced by microorganisms may be protective against the environmental stresses inherent to spaceflight. However, few studies have directly tested the protective capabilities of microbial pigments applied externally as shielding materials. In this study, liquid cultures of Bacillus subtilis were shielded by various pigment solutions, and solid media cultures of Bacillus subtilis were co-inoculated with the highly pigmented microorganisms Aspergillus niger and Neurospora crassa. These experiments were conducted in a compact, automated payload aboard the International Space Station (ISS) interior for 30 days. Post-flight phenotypic analyses of liquid cultures showed that solutions of carotenoid pigments were effective at minimizing detrimental effects of spaceflight. Elevated growth rate was observed for solid cultures, and distinct morphology changes were identified in both liquid and solid samples and quantified as markers of spaceflight-induced stress. These findings collectively progress our understanding of microbial pigments for the development of space-related applications.

https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454367v1.full.pdf

Neri Oxman

Papers

Viva in Silico: A position-based dynamics model for microcolony morphology simulation

Modelling Behaviour for Distributed Additive Manufacturing

Computational methods for the characterization of Apis mellifera comb architecture

Photon mapping of geometrically complex glass structures: Methods and experimental evaluation

Exogenous pigments shield microorganisms from spaceflight-induced changes