自然界和人类社会中存在着大量的中间状态，人类的语言也是如此。大多数人在出生后首先习得和掌握的是他的母语（mother tongue），在以后的人生中，会有机会学习第二语言（secongd language）或目的语（target language）。所谓中介语是指第二语言学习者建构起来的介于母语和目的语之间的过渡性语言，它处于不断的发展变化过程中，并逐渐向目的语靠近。

中介语（interlanguage）初探

Acknowledgements Introduction PART ONE - BACKGROUND Introduction 1. Second language acquisition research: an overview PART TWO - THE DESCRIPTION OF LEARNER LANGUAGE Introduction 2. Learner errors and error analysis 3. Developmental patterns: order and sequence in second language acquisition 4. Variability in learner language 5. Pragmatic aspects of learner language PART THREE - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: EXTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 6. Social factors and second language acquisition 7. Input and interaction and second language acquisition PART FOUR - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: INTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 8. Language transfer 9. Cognitive accounts of second language acquisition 10. Linguistic universals and second language acquisition PART FIVE - EXPLAINING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 11. Individual learner differences 12. Learning strategies PART SIX - CLASSROOM SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 13. Classroom interaction and second language acquisition 14. Formal instruction and second language acquisition PART SEVEN - CONCLUSION Introduction 15. Data, theory, and applications in second language acquisition research Glossary Bibliography Author index Subject index

第二语言习得研究 = The study of second language acquisition

When there are many people who don't need to expect something more than the benefits to take, we will suggest you to have willing to reach all benefits. Be sure and surely do to take this case study research in applied linguistics that gives the best reasons to read. When you really need to get the reason why, this case study research in applied linguistics book will probably make you feel curious.

Case study research in applied linguistics

Getting the books error analysis and interlanguage now is not type of challenging means. You could not solitary going once books increase or library or borrowing from your connections to right to use them. This is an unconditionally easy means to specifically get lead by on-line. This online proclamation error analysis and interlanguage can be one of the options to accompany you like having new time.

Error analysis and interlanguage

Profile / Kurzcharakteristik International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (IRAL) is devoted to problems of general and applied linguistics in their various forms. IRAL’s long-term interest lies in areas of research which concern firstand second-language acquisition (including sign language and gestural systems). Contributions are welcome on naturalistic and instructed language learning, language loss, bilingualism, language contact, pidgins and creoles, language for specific purposes, language technology, mother-tongue education, terminology and translation. The journal also features occasional thematic issues.

IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching

Social media has become an integral part of life, including in the field of education. This study aimed to explore social media as a teaching and learning tool, its use, and its benefit for students of English as Foreign Language. This study applied library research from George (2008), where the sources of the data were previous studies on the use of social media in the context of English as Foreign Language, published in reputable international journals or accredited national journal ranked SINTA 1, SINTA 2, and SINTA 3, between 2015 to 2020. The review revealed that YouTube, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have been frequently applied as English learning media through various activities that matched the features provided by the respective social media. Their implementations in English learning have been argued to positively impact the students’ language skills, vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, spelling, motivation, as well as their creative and critical thinking. These results reflect a positive attitude toward social media as an inseparable part of the students’ 21st – century learning contexts. However, more studies need to be conducted to optimize the use of social media for improving students’ English and their 21st-century skills.

Integrating Social Media into English Language Learning: How and to What Benefits According to Recent Studies

Abstract Current research in bilingual children’s language development with one language dominant has shown that one linguistic system can affect the other. This is called Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI). This paper explores whether CLI is experienced by a bilingual child raised in two typologically distinct languages in terms of phonological development. It uses data from the study of a child simultaneously acquiring Indonesian and German between the ages of 12 months - 20 months, with Indonesian as the dominant language. The sound segments developed by the child showed universal tendencies, with the appearance of bilabials prior to alveolar sounds, followed by velar sounds. The sounds were produced mostly in the form of stops, nasals and glides. Three phonological processes were displayed by the child: substitution, assimilation and syllable structures. The front rounded vowel [ʏ], which exists in German but not in the Indonesian sound system, was systematically replaced by the palatal approximant [j]. This approximant exists in the Indonesian sound system but not in the German phonemic inventory. This provides evidence that, in terms of phonological development, the child experienced CLI, but only for certain sound transfers.

/pdf/phonological-development-in-the-early-speech-of-an-2iltu5o1tm.pdf

Phonological Development in the Early Speech of an Indonesian-German Bilingual Child

As YouTube has become an integral part of the students' daily social media consumption, the present study argues that it can also be a valuable language learning source. Following George's (2008) model of Library Research and Aveyard's (2010) concept of Systematic Literary review, the present study selected and synthesise previous research and experts' opinion on the use of social media and YouTube for teaching English to young bilingual learners to propose the benefits of using YouTube as a medium for second language learning. YouTube has generally deemed a useful learning resource for young learners, and studies have highlighted the positive impacts of using YouTube to improve young learners' English skills. However, experts and researchers are also concerned about the weaknesses and threats posed by YouTube as a learning source for teaching English for young learners. These are prerequisite stable internet connection to access YouTube, irrelevant ads that cut in the middle of the videos, and next-videos suggestions that are not always relevant with the learning material in focus. Thus, while YouTube can be a useful learning resource, strategies to tackle its weaknesses are needed to optimise the benefits of using YouTube as a learning source for young learners.

YouTube as Digital Learning Resources for Teaching Bilingual Young Learners

This study reports the implementation of ICT-based learning materials using Blendspace in phonology classes. The ICT-based learning material was developed in the academic year of 2016/2017. The study was conducted in two stages. The rst stage was the validation of the teaching material by two expert judges. The second stage was trying out of the teaching material in the classroom using classroom action research. The learning material developed has been validated by experts using a checklist as an instrument, which has been analysed using the Gregory formula. The expert judges showed that the content validity of the learning material is 90.9%, which means very valid. In order to test the effectiveness of the learning material, it has been implemented in phonology classes joined by the second-semester Diploma III students of the English Department of Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, using classroom action research. Based on the teaching and learning process using the material, more than 70% of the students obtained scores between 76 and 100. Fewer than 30% of the students had scores below 75. Therefore, the learning material is considered effective for learning phonology .

https://aksara.kemdikbud.go.id/jurnal/index.php/aksara/article/download/76/pdf

Implementing ict-based phonology learning material using blendspace through classroom action research

Abstract The contexts and circumstances of the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children’s language development are still a matter of debate. The present study argues that in the early development of a bilingual child exposed to two typologically distinct languages (Indonesian and German), the child developed two separate linguistic systems. The child, raised in Indonesia, was exposed to Indonesian by her Indonesian mother and to German by her German father. The study focuses on the early stages of verbal morphology and word order, from ages 1;3 to 2;2. The corpus took the form of conversational text or speech based on spontaneous interactions in natural settings. The data was collected using diary records, supplemented by weekly video recordings. In analysing the data, two software systems were used: ELAN and Toolbox. The speech was segmented based on utterances. All verbal morphology and word order was coded. The results show that verbal morphology in Indonesian and German was acquired by the child at different times, with the development of German verbs occurring later than Indonesian verb acquisition. In addition, there is evidence of interaction between the two developing systems. Cross-linguistic interference was identified when the child used the Indonesian vocatives-predicate combination in German utterances while, at the same time, the child also applied the German verb-final clause structure in Indonesian utterances when she should have produced German utterances. Thus, the results from this case study suggest that both language external and internal factors account for the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence.

Ni Luh Putu Sri Adnyani

Papers

Integrating Social Media into English Language Learning: How and to What Benefits According to Recent Studies

Phonological Development in the Early Speech of an Indonesian-German Bilingual Child

YouTube as Digital Learning Resources for Teaching Bilingual Young Learners

Implementing ict-based phonology learning material using blendspace through classroom action research

The development of verbal morphology and word order in an Indonesian-German bilingual child: A case study