抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

Investors systematically deviate from rationality when making financial decisions, yet the mechanisms responsible for these deviations have not been identified. Using event-related fMRI, we examined whether anticipatory neural activity would predict optimal and suboptimal choices in a financial decision-making task. We characterized two types of deviations from the optimal investment strategy of a rational risk- neutral agent as risk-seeking mistakes and risk-aversion mistakes. Nucleus accumbens activation preceded risky choices as well as risk- seeking mistakes, while anterior insula activation preceded riskless choices as well as risk-aversion mistakes. These findings suggest that distinct neural circuits linked to anticipatory affect promote different types of financial choices, and indicate that excessive activation of these circuits may lead to investing mistakes. Thus, consideration of anticipatory neural mechanisms may add predictive power to the rational actor model of economic decision-making.

The Neural Basis of Financial Risk Taking

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The Oxford Handbook Of Event Related Potential Components

THE human brain is the instrument of the high powers of intelligence that distinguish man from all other living creatures. The secret of man's most distinctive attribute is hidden in the texture of his brain, and perhaps will never be fully revealed. Yet from time to time, with the growth of knowledge and the discovery of new methods of approach, we can profitably return to this greatest of all biological problems and get new glimpses of the factors that have made man what he is. Two considerations make the present time appropriate for taking stock of the state of our knowledge of these matters. The emergence of a clearer understanding of the sequence of structural changes in the brain and body of man's ancestors enables us to interpret the physiological factors involved in the widening and deepening of the intellectual powers and to appreciate the conditions essential for the attainment of-such mental growth. In the second place, the new points of view regarding the functions of the cerebral cortex that have emerged from Dr. Henry Head's suggestive clinical investigations prompt one to examine the brain anew and endeavour to integrate the results of his brilliant analysis with those revealed in the study of the evolution of the brain. Whether or not it is yet possible fully to correlate the facts and conclusions of these two disciplines into one coherent body of doctrine, it is well worth while to make the attempt to do so, if for no other reason than to direct attention to new problems that call for solution.

The Human Brain

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ejp.1076

Altered theta oscillations in resting EEG of fibromyalgia syndrome patients.

The insula cortex and hypothalamus are implicated in eating behaviour, and contain receptor sites for peptides and hormones controlling energy balance. The insula encompasses multi-functional subregions, which display differential anatomical and functional connectivities with the rest of the brain. This study aimed to analyse the effect of fasting and satiation on the functional connectivity profiles of left and right anterior, middle, and posterior insula, and left and right hypothalamus. It was hypothesized that the profiles would be altered alongside changes in homeostatic energy balance. Nineteen healthy participants underwent two 7-min resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, one when fasted and one when satiated. Functional connectivity between the left posterior insula and cerebellum/superior frontal gyrus, and between left hypothalamus and inferior frontal gyrus was stronger during fasting. Functional connectivity between the right middle insula and default mode structures (left and right posterior parietal cortex, cingulate cortex), and between right hypothalamus and superior parietal cortex was stronger during satiation. Differences in blood glucose levels between the scans accounted for several of the altered functional connectivities. The insula and hypothalamus appear to form a homeostatic energy balance network related to cognitive control of eating; prompting eating and preventing overeating when energy is depleted, and ending feeding or transferring attention away from food upon satiation. This study provides evidence of a lateralized dissociation of neural responses to energy modulations.

Differential effects of hunger and satiety on insular cortex and hypothalamic functional connectivity.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients show altered connectivity with the network maintaining ongoing resting brain activity, known as the default mode network (DMN). The connectivity patterns of DMN with the rest of the brain in FMS patients are poorly understood. This study employed seed-based functional connectivity analysis to investigate resting-state functional connectivity with DMN structures in FMS. Sixteen female FMS patients and 15 age-matched, healthy control subjects underwent T2-weighted resting-state MRI scanning and functional connectivity analyses using DMN network seed regions. FMS patients demonstrated alterations to connectivity between DMN structures and anterior midcingulate cortex, right parahippocampal gyrus, left superior parietal lobule and left inferior temporal gyrus. Correlation analysis showed that reduced functional connectivity between the DMN and the right parahippocampal gyrus was associated with longer duration of symptoms in FMS patients, whereas augmented connectivity between the anterior midcingulate and posterior cingulate cortices was associated with tenderness and depression scores. Our findings demonstrate alterations to functional connectivity between DMN regions and a variety of regions which are important for pain, cognitive and emotional processing in FMS patients, and which may contribute to the development or maintenance of chronic symptoms in FMS.

Functional Connectivity with the Default Mode Network Is Altered in Fibromyalgia Patients.

Countries across the world imposed lockdown restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been proposed that lockdown conditions, including social and physical distancing measures, may dispropo...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2049463720973703

Adverse effects of COVID-19-related lockdown on pain, physical activity and psychological well-being in people with chronic pain

Countries across the world imposed lockdown restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been proposed that lockdown conditions disproportionately impact those living with chronic pain, requiring adaptation to treatment and care strategies. We investigated how lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom impacted individuals with chronic pain (N = 431) relative to a healthy control group (N = 88) using an online survey. In accordance with the fear-avoidance model, we hypothesised increases in perceived pain and psychological distress that would be mediated by pain catastrophizing. Survey questions answered during the lockdown period, probing patients’ self-perceived changes retrospectively, revealed that people with chronic pain perceived increases in their pain severity compared to before lockdown. They were also more adversely affected by lockdown compared to pain-free individuals, demonstrating greater increases in anxiety and depressed mood, increased loneliness and reduced levels of physical exercise. Pain catastrophizing was found to be an important factor in predicting the extent of self-perceived increases in pain, and accounted for the relationship between decreased mood and pain. Perceived decreases in levels of physical exercise also independently predicted perceptions of increased pain. Interestingly, actual changes in pain symptoms (measured at two time points at pre- and post-lockdown in a subgroup, N = 85) did not change significantly on average, but those reporting increases also demonstrated greater baseline levels of pain catastrophizing. Overall, the findings suggest that remote pain management provision to target reduction of catastrophizing and increases to physical activity could be beneficial for chronic pain patients in overcoming the adverse effects of lockdown.

https://medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.20122564v1.full.pdf

Nicholas Fallon

Papers

Altered theta oscillations in resting EEG of fibromyalgia syndrome patients.

Differential effects of hunger and satiety on insular cortex and hypothalamic functional connectivity.

Functional Connectivity with the Default Mode Network Is Altered in Fibromyalgia Patients.

Adverse effects of COVID-19-related lockdown on pain, physical activity and psychological well-being in people with chronic pain

Adverse effects of COVID-19 related lockdown on pain, physical activity and psychological wellbeing in people with chronic pain