This volume argues that international human rights law has made a positive contribution to the realization of human rights in much of the world. Although governments sometimes ratify human rights treaties, gambling that they will experience little pressure to comply with them, this is not typically the case. Focusing on rights stakeholders rather than the United Nations or state pressure, Beth Simmons demonstrates through a combination of statistical analyses and case studies that the ratification of treaties leads to better rights practices on average. Simmons argues that international human rights law should get more practical and rhetorical support from the international community as a supplement to broader efforts to address conflict, development, and democratization.

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Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics

The task of this study is to determine if certain political and socioeconomic variables have strong relationships with political repression conceptualized as disappearance, detention, torture, and political killings. The perspective of the study is from the question of why do people in power — with so many options available — choose repression as a method of rule. Repression is coded into numerical values from the State Department Country Reports, and then relationships with the degree of democracy, socioeconomic conditions, inequality, rate of economic change, and the level of economic development are tested in regression models. Significant relationships are found. The degree of democracy, the extent of inequality in society, and economic growth rate go a long way to explain and predict political repression in a parsimonious model.

Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression

Since 1945 immigration in the core industrial democracies has been increasing. The rise in immigration is a function of market forces (demand-pull and supply-push) and kinship networks, which reduce the transactions costs of moving from one society to another. These economic and sociological forces are the necessary conditions for migration to occur, but the sufficient conditions are legal and political. States must be willing to accept immigration and to grant rights to outsiders. How then do states regulate migration, in the face of economic forces that push them toward greater openness, while security concerns and powerful political forces push them toward closure? States are trapped in a "liberal" paradox-in order to maintain a competitive advantage, governments must keep their economies and societies open to trade, investment, and migration. But unlike goods, capital, and services, the movement of people involves greater political risks. In both Europe and North America rights are the key to regulating migration, as states strive to fulfill three key functions: maintaining security, building trade and investment regimes, and regulating migration. The garrison state was linked with the trading state in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen the emergence of the migration state, where regulation of international migration is as important as providing for the security of the state and the economic well being of the citizenry.

The emerging migration state

Written by a team of international lawyers with extensive academic and practical experience of international criminal law, the fourth edition of this leading textbook offers readers comprehensive coverage and a high level of academic rigour while maintaining its signature accessible and engaging style. Introducing the readers to the fundamental concepts of international criminal law, as well as the domestic and international institutions that enforce that law, this book engages with critical questions, political and moral challenges, and alternatives to international justice. Suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students, academics and practitioners in the field, and cited by the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, and the highest courts in domestic systems, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in learning more about international criminal law.

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An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

War, Aggression and Self-Defence is an indispensable guide to international legal issues of war and peace, the crime of aggression, self-defence and its trigger, armed attack, and the different modalities of self-defence, as well as enforcement measures taken under the aegis of a binding decision of the Security Council. This new and fully updated 6th edition focuses on the key issues at the forefront of the contemporary international legal debate, as well as analysing the new armed conflicts in Syria, Ukraine and Georgia, re-examining the Kampala amendments on the crime of aggression and considering the phenomenon of 'robust' mandates of a peacekeeping force. Suitable for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, this market-leading book offers a wide-ranging and highly readable introduction to the legal issues surrounding war and self-defence.

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War, Aggression and Self-Defence

Preface to the Second Edition General Introduction 1. The Response of the United Nations General Assembly to the Challenge of Torture 2. The Legal Prohibition of Torture and Other Ill-Treatment 3. What Constitutes Torture and Other Ill-Treatment? 4. The Legal Consequences of Torture and Other Ill-Treatment 5. International Remedies for Torture and Other Ill-Treatment 6. Extra-legal Executions 7. The Death Penalty 8. 'Disappeared' Prisoners: Unacknowledged Detention 9. Conditions of Imprisonment or Detention 10. Corporal Punishment 11. Guarantees Against Abuses of the Human Person 12. International Codes of Ethics for Professionals 13. General Conclusions - An Agenda Appendices

The treatment of prisoners under international law

Not since the close of the First World War has the issue of minority rights achieved the central place in international relations and their legal regulation that it currently occupies. The volatility of central European intercommunal conflict, epitomized by the assassination in 1914 of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, in the capital of what is now BosniaHerzegovina, is commonly considered as having spurred the outbreak of the "Great War." A desire to attenuate that conflict and achieve respect for the post-war redrawn frontiers of the region led to the establishment of the minority treaties regime. It was a regime primarily imposed on the defeated powers by the victorious powers who were not interested in a general regime for the protection of minorities (that is, one that would restrict the victorious powers' treatment of their own minorities). The regime declined with the fortunes of the League of Nations which was meant to supervise it. Present concern for minority protection arises from the post Second World War approach to the problem in Eastern Europe. After a period of massive forced population transfers, engaged or acquiesced in by the Allies that founded the United Nations,' minority movements were effectively suppressed. Despite the existence of constitutional structures, (as in Yugoslavia or the Soviet Union) of a federal nature, that could even envisage a right to secession, the reality of totalitarian one-party rule ensured that most social differences were prevented from finding political expression. In particular, minority aspirations were frozen. The ice that engulfed them

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/762347.pdf

Conceptual Problems in the Protection of Minorities: International Legal Developments

There are two broad clusters of United Nations human rights machinery:
those set up under international human rights treaties (treaty bodies)
and those established by the UN Commission on Human Rights (special
procedures). They are compared and contrasted, in terms of their potential
for duplication and the cooperation or competition attendant on it. The
two clusters are distinguished from the perspective of their implicit
purposes (mainly multilateral for special procedures, mainly bilateral for
treaty bodies) and working methods (examined in terms of general country
work, case-specific work, and general overview activity). The incidence
of direct cooperation is also addressed. The article concludes that the
possibilities of duplication are not as numerous as might be expected,
they are generally avoidable or can be accommodated administratively
where they exist and that, on balance, the clusters perform complementary
functions.

Nigel S. Rodley

Papers

The treatment of prisoners under international law

Conceptual Problems in the Protection of Minorities: International Legal Developments

United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies and Special Procedures of the Commission on Human Rights--Complementarity or Competition?

Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention: The Case Law of the World Court

The Definition(s) of Torture in International Law