Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are also known as intelligent transportation systems. VANET ensures timely and accurate communications between vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) to improve road safety and enhance the efficiency of traffic flow. Due to its open wireless boundary and high mobility, VANET is vulnerable to malicious nodes that could gain access into the network and carry out serious medium access control (MAC) layer threats, such as denial of service (DoS) attacks, data modification attacks, impersonation attacks, Sybil attacks, and replay attacks. This could affect the network security and privacy, causing harm to the information exchange within the network by genuine nodes and increase fatal impacts on the road. Therefore, a novel secure trust-based architecture that utilizes blockchain technology has been proposed to increase security and privacy to mitigate the aforementioned MAC layer attacks. A series of experiment has been conducted using the Veins simulation tool to assess the performance of the proposed solution in the terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, packet loss, transmission overhead, and computational cost.

Secure Trust-Based Blockchain Architecture to Prevent Attacks in VANET.

The steady increase in the number of vehicles on the roads comes with an increased number of accidents and fatalities. The manufacturers’ interest in providing services to the driver (customer), along with safety applications, have contributed to connecting vehicles in networks on the fly (i.e., Ad Hoc networks), to provide certain services and information to the driver. These Ad Hoc networks consist of mobile vehicles that are located in a certain geographical zone and within a certain radius of each other, and communicate with each other or with road side units (RSUs) over the wireless medium. In addition, these mobile vehicles share some common characteristic, e.g., driving direction. These networks are well known as Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). From the extensive adoption and development of Internet of Things (IoT), and the integration of and convergence between VANETs and IoT, has emerged a new type of network known as Internet of Vehicles (IoV). VANETs, IoV and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have witnessed an explosive growth over the past two decades. This growth and the wide gamut of applications and services, these systems and networks have also increased the threats and attacks against these networks as well as raised many security and privacy concerns. In this book chapter, we describe the need for security in VANETs in terms of security requirements, current challenges in securing VANETs and present current security issues related to these networks. In particular, we deliver a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of threats and attacks in VANETs. Additionally, we present proposed solutions and countermeasures to mitigate these threats and attacks in order to secure and defend VANETs against them.

Security and Privacy Challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In recent times, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) have become a core part of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which aim to achieve continual Internet connectivity among vehicles on the road. The VANET has been used to improve driving safety and construct an ITS in modern cities. However, owing to the wireless characteristics, the message transmitted through the network can be observed, altered, or forged. Since driving safety is a major part of VANET, the security and privacy of these messages must be preserved. Therefore, this paper introduces an efficient privacy-preserving data transmission architecture that makes use of blockchain technology in cluster-based VANET. The cluster-based VANET architecture is used to achieve load balancing and minimize overhead in the network, where the clustering process is performed using the rainfall optimization algorithm (ROA). The ROA-based clustering with blockchain-based data transmission, called a ROAC-B technique, initially clusters the vehicles, and communication takes place via blockchain technology. A sequence of experiments was conducted to ensure the superiority of the ROAC-B technique, and several aspects of the results were considered. The simulation outcome showed that the ROAC-B technique is superior to other techniques in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), end to end (ETE) delay, throughput, and cluster size.

Toward Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Data Transmission in Cluster-Based Vehicular Networks

Intelligent vehicle applications, such as autonomous driving and collision avoidance, put forward a higher demand for precise positioning of vehicles. The current widely used global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) cannot meet the precision requirements of the submeter level. Due to the development of sensing techniques and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, some vehicles can interact with surrounding landmarks to achieve precise positioning. Existing work aims to realize the positioning correction of common vehicles by sharing the positioning data of sensor-rich vehicles. However, the privacy of trajectory data makes it difficult to collect and train data centrally. Moreover, uploading vehicle location data wastes network resources. To fill these gaps, this article proposes a vehicle cooperative positioning (CP) system based on federated learning (FedVCP), which makes full use of the potential of social Internet of Things (IoT) and collaborative edge computing (CEC) to provide high-precision positioning correction while ensuring user privacy. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first attempt to solve the privacy of CP from a perspective of federated learning. In addition, we take the advantages of local cooperation through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications in data augmentation. For individual differences in vehicle positioning, we utilize transfer learning to eliminate the impact of such differences. Extensive experiments on real data demonstrate that our proposed model is superior to the baseline method in terms of effectiveness and convergence speed. 

FedVCP: A Federated-Learning-Based Cooperative Positioning Scheme for Social Internet of Vehicles

Over the past decade, wireless communication technologies have developed significantly for intelligent applications in road transport. This paper provides an overview of telecommunications-based intelligent transport systems with a focus on ensuring system safety and resilience. In vehicle-to-everything, these problems are extremely acute due to the specifics of the operation of transport networks, which requires the use of special protection mechanisms. In this regard, it was decided to use blockchain as a system platform to support the needs of transport systems for secure information exchange. This paper describes the technological aspects of implementing blockchain technology in vehicle-to-network; the features of such technology are presented, as well as the features of their interaction. The authors considered various network characteristics and identified the parameters that have a primary impact on the operation of the vehicle-to-network (V2N) network when implementing the blockchain. In the paper, an experiment was carried out that showed the numerical characteristics for the allocation of resources on devices involved in organizing V2N communication and conclusions were drawn from the results of the study.

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/10/465/pdf

Technological aspects of blockchain application for vehicle-to-network

Wireless technology is advancing rapidly with time. People are doing research nowadays mostly in the field of telecommunication. VANET is the most growing research area in wireless communication. With the advancement and maturity of the VANET, there will be a great revolution in the field of wireless communication in terms of fast handovers, network availability, security, safety with the use of advanced applications etc. VANET technology is advancing with the passage of time but there are many issues that has to be addressed to make the network more vigorous. In view of aforesaid, in this paper we have studied and discussed various research works related to the applications, protocols and security in VANET. Moreover, after reviewing the existing works, we have analyzed them and found the pros and cons for the future research.

Nik Quosthoni

Papers

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET): Review