世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

Understanding the small business sector

Geography and Trade

New, innovative business venturing hinges on the creation and mobilization of human capital and knowledge. The proposals in this chapter aim to strengthen and expand the European knowledge space in which Europe’s entrepreneurs build their ventures. Reforms to improve the production and flow of knowledge touch on educational systems, research institutes, and universities. Whereas educational systems remain the almost exclusive legal competency of national or even regional policymakers, reforms addressing intellectual property and the mobility of knowledge and people across the European Union touch on supranational policy domains that extend the scope of entrepreneurship policy beyond its traditional policy areas.

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Mobilizing human capital for entrepreneurship

Employment Protection Legislation and the Labor Market Position of Immigrants : A Natural Experiment

Opening up European markets for goods and services would put European entrepreneurs at an equal footing with incumbent firms. For entrepreneurial venturing both market entry and exit are of crucial importance and the European Union has strong legal competencies in these areas, following the treaties to build the European Common Market. However, especially with respect to market exit and business failure, member states retain important competencies and, consequently, the playing field is varied and not level across the Union. Proposals in this chapter seek to remedy this imbalance and create opportunities for European entrepreneurs to scale up their ventures to European and global markets.

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Contestable Markets for Entry and Exit

The European Union suffers from an innovation deficit, which must be remedied if the EU is to improve the quality of life of its citizens and remain competitive in the global marketplace. In order to do so, more productive entrepreneurship is required. We analyze how Europe’s institutional framework conditions could become more supportive of entrepreneurship and innovation, and outline a reform strategy to achieve this objective. To be viable, the strategy emphasizes the large cross-country differences across the union. Each EU member state has evolved its particular bundle of institutions, many of which are complementary to one another. If these complexities are not acknowledged, well-intended reforms may become unpredictable or even detrimental to entrepreneurship and economic development.

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Introduction: Europe’s Innovation Emergency

To promote innovation and economic growth in the European Union, we have outlined a reform strategy with respect to the institutions and policies that matter the most for fostering a productive entrepreneurial economy. Here, we conclude by summarizing all the previous chapters and discussing how the 50 proposals presented can be used as building blocks but should not be considered a blueprint for institutional reform in the European Union. Rather, implementing reforms for an entrepreneurial society in Europe will have to involve policymaking which is itself entrepreneurial. That is, fast cycles of trial and error will be required to carefully tailor a reform strategy to local conditions and institutional preconditions. But policymakers should not lose sight of the long-term goal of institutional reform to promote entrepreneurship, innovation, and growth across Europe and extend their ambitions to do so beyond the traditional domain of entrepreneurship policy.

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Niklas Elert

Papers

Mobilizing human capital for entrepreneurship

Employment Protection Legislation and the Labor Market Position of Immigrants : A Natural Experiment

Contestable Markets for Entry and Exit

Introduction: Europe’s Innovation Emergency

Making entrepreneurship policy or entrepreneurial policymaking