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Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources. Temperate Fruits. Edited by C. Kole. Berlin: Springer (2011), pp. 247, £126.00. ISBN 978-3-642-16057-8.

Various authors have studied the morphogenetic effects of the mulch used in strawberry ( Fragaria sp.) production. The present study was carried out at 2500 masl in Colombia. The effects of red, blue, yellow, green, black, and silver mulches were evaluated on strawberry growth and fruit. Red mulch gave results similar or better to the black control for most factors. Foliar area, fruit fresh weight, and fruit length were highest with red mulch and lowest for silver. Silver mulch gave lowest pH and dry fruit weight, and the lowest ratio of total soluble solids/titratable acidity, while black mulch gave the highest value in this ratio. Positive effects of red mulch are likely due to the increased absorption of red and far-red light by phytochrome, which in turn influences enzymes associated with sweetness and flavor. Superior results of red mulch were not always statistically significant, but the present study indicates the interest of conducting further tests on the utility of red mulch versus black mulch. If it were definitively shown that red mulch provides for better yield and quality, it would be important to expand and improve its manufacture and stabilize its color, which often fades under high altitude tropical conditions. Use of mulch has morphogenetic effects on strawberry ( Fragaria sp.) production. In the present study the effects of red, blue, and fruit quality were evaluated in a trial carried out at 2,500 m a.s.l. in central Colombia. Red mulch gave results similar or better to the black control for most factors. Foliar area, fresh fruit weight, and fruit length were highest with red mulch and lowest for silver. Silver mulch gave the lowest pH and dry fruit weight, and the lowest ratio of total soluble solids/titratable acidity, while black mulch gave the highest value in this ratio. Positive effects of red mulch are possibly due to the increased absorption of red and far-red light by phytochrome, which in turn influences enzymes associated with sweetness and flavor. The superior results of red mulch were not always statistically significant, but the present study indicates the potential value of further tests on the use of red mulch instead of black mulch. If it is definitively shown that red mulch provides for better yield and fruit quality, it will be important to expand and improve its manufacture and stabilize its color, which often fades under high altitude tropical conditions.

Calidad de fruta en fresa (Fragaria sp.) cultivada con acolchados plásticos de colores

The objective of this study was to compare eco-physiological and morphological parameters of a regionally endangered orchid species, Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm. ex Bernh.) Bess., growing in two forest communities (on serpentine and granite outcrops) of the Middle Urals, Russia. Biodiversity, dominance, and phytocoenosis studies showed the colonization of a wide range of plant species on both sites. The physicochemical properties of the soil, chemical composition and morphological features of E. atrorubens, growing under technogenic conditions (asbestos deposits), on serpentine outcrops and in the natural environment of the granite massif were studied for the first time. The serpentine substrate differed from the granite one by its greater stoniness, circumneutral pH and lower contents of available nitrogen and phosphorus. Extremely high concentrations of magnesium were found in the serpentine soil, some 79 times higher than in the granite substrate. High concentrations of nickel (94 times), chromium (59 times), cobalt (17 times), and iron (4 times) were found in the serpentine substrate, higher than in the granite substrate. The differences between the sites for available metal contents and for root and shoot metal contents were significantly less. Concentrations of most of the metals in the roots were higher than in the shoots. Despite higher metal concentrations and lower nitrogen and phosphorus levels in serpentine soils, E. atrorubens had a larger population and greater viability compared to those growing on granite. Plants on serpentine outcrops were characterized by the formation of a larger number of fruits, greater root lengths and thicker leaf blades, compared to plants on granites. The well-developed orchid mycorrhizae contributed to the survival of this species under unfavorable serpentine conditions. Hence, serpentine outcrops formed due to the mining of asbestos could be a suitable substrate for the light-demanding E. atrorubens due to its capacity to adapt to dry, rocky, nutrient-depleted soils and limited competition from other plants.

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A comparative study of Epipactis atrorubens in two different forest communities of the Middle Urals, Russia

Productivity of Galega (Galega orientalis) in Single-Species and Binary Crops with Sainfoin (Onobrychis arenaria): A Case Study of Forest-Steppe of European Russia

The majority of cultivated strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) in the northern United States (US) and Canadian provinces is grown in perennial matted rows across a range of soil types and microclimates. Management practices vary in fertilization rates, intensity of pesticide use, and the source of inputs depending on grower preferences. The objective of this study was to identify environmental and management factors that influence strawberry flavor attributes across a range of production systems. The cultivar Jewel was selected for its popularity in this region and reputation for excellent flavor. “Jewel” was sampled from regional farms and, concurrently, grown in a controlled field study with different inputs over three years. Soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) across farms was found to be positively associated with the air temperature differential during fruit ripening. In controlled field studies, yield was correlated positively with total N in the form of synthetic urea, but not with the rate of applied organic nitrogen (N). Despite different levels of soil carbon inputs, N rates, pesticides, and microbial supplements, the fruit quality attributes, including SSC, TA, aromatic volatile concentration, and phenolics were not associated with treatment. A human sensory evaluation found no perceptible differences in flavor or aroma among contrasting treatments. Our study concludes that growers should invest in temperature management, rather than agricultural inputs, to influence SSC and TA of strawberry.

Strawberry Flavor Is Influenced by the Air Temperature Differential during Fruit Development but Not Management Practices

Mountain Biota of Cultivated Meadow Pasture In North Caucasus Cultivation of Legume Grasses for Seeds in Mountain Zones, S. A. Bekuzarova, I. M. Khaniyeva, and L. S. Ghishkayeva Introduced Forms of Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense L.) for Hayfield Pasture Use, S. A. Bekuzarova and V. A. Belyayeva Restoration of Biodiversity in Mount Plant Communities by Means of Selection, S. A. Bekuzarova Ways of Increasing Productivity of Amaranth in the Conditions of North Ossetia-Alania (Russia), S. A. Bekuzarova and V. I. Gasiev Plant Breeding in the Western Siberia: Agro-Ecological Approaches The Susceptibility of Factors of the Surrounding Environment on Seed Germination Characteristics and Biological Resistance of Hybrids Triticum Aestivum L., E. I. Ripberger, N. A. Bome, and Ya. A. Bome Study on Ecological and Biological Potential and the Forming of Gene Pool of Cereal and of Official Plants, N. A. Bome and A. Ya. Bome Basic Properties of Sod-Podzolic Soil of the North Territories of the Tyumen Region, I. A. Dudareva and N. A. Bome Relationship Between Soybean Cultivars, SPAD 502 Chlorophyll Meter Readings and Rhizobia Inoculation in Western Siberia, I. Kuehling, N. Bome, and D. Trautz Stability of Cultural Cereals to Phytopathogenic Fungis of Genus Fusarium Link on the South Tyumen Region, N. A. Bome, A. Ya. Bome, and N. N. Kolokolova Ecological and Biological Potential and Forming of Gene Pool of Cultural Plants, N. A. Bome, A. Ya. Bome, E.I . Ripberger, S. V. Arsentyev, and L. I. Weisfeld Plant Breeding in the Ukraine: Agro-Ecological Approaches Method for Evaluation of Regeneration Potential of Pear Cultivars and Species (Pyrus L.), A. I. Opalko, N. M. Kucher, and O. A. Opalko Variability of Combining Abilities of MS (Male Sterility) Lines and Sterility Binders of Sugar Beets as to Sugar Content, M. O. Korneeva and M. M. Nenka The Efficiency of the Use of Crop Produce for Alternative Fuel Production, A. V. Doronin Sugar Beet Root Rots During Vegetation Periods in Ukraine, N. N. Zapolska A Role of Chemical Mutagenesis in Induction of Biodiversity of Agricultural Plants Chemical Mutagenesis as Enlargement Method of Genetical Diversity of Initial Material in Plant Breeding, S. P. Vasilkivskii To the Question About Cytogenetic Mechanism of Chemical Mutagenesis, L. I. Weisfeld Index

Ecological consequences of increasing crop productivity : plant breeding and biotic diversity

Genetic diversity of plants increases the possibility of choice and provides higher adaptability of plants to adverse environmental conditions. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the crops requiring attention and introduction in agricultural production. In Siberia, Russia already in 1908 the first experiments with flax were started in Tobolsk province. In the 20th century this branch was developed on the farms of Tyumen region. Heat resources, agrochemical properties of soils, water supply are adequate for the cultivation of this crop in the northern latitudes. The study was aimed to explore the effects of seed treatment with phosphemidum on chlorophyll content and morphometric parameters of flax seedlings and plants. Seventeen samples of fibre flax and three samples of linseed of different origin (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Canada, Czech Republic, France and Germany) from the collection of the Institute of Biology of Tyumen State University were studied. Air-dried seeds were treated with the solution of chemical agent phosphemidum in concentrations of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.1 %. Laboratory experiments revealed differences in morphometric parameters of plant seedlings. The response to seed treatment with mutagen was studied by the variability of chlorophyll content in the leaves. The samples were found to differ in the dynamics of chlorophyll accumulation by the stages of ontogenesis. All samples reacted to the increase of phosphemidum concentration by the decrease in chlorophyll content in leaves.

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A comparative study of morphophysiological characteristics of flax in controlled and natural environmental conditions.

Of combining abilities of male sterility lines and sterility binders of sugar beets as to sugar content

Background. Environmental testing is the first stage of wheat breeding, the purpose of which is to identify wheat samples suitable for local environments and capable of forming a fairly stable yield and high-quality grain. The proposed study presents the test results for spring bread wheat cultivars of Russian breeding grown in arid environments of Northern Kazakhstan in order to preserve their yield and baking qualities.Materials and methods. The material of the study included 15 spring bread wheat cultivars. Protein and gluten content and the quality of gluten were determined using an infrared analyzer; the physical properties of the test were assessed using a Chopin alveograph and Brabender farinograph.Results.  As a result of biochemical assessment, increased protein and gluten content and grain weight were observed in cvs. ‘Tyumenskaya 30’, ‘Aviada’, ‘Lutescens 585’, ‘Serebrina’, and ‘Tyumenets 2’. Dough deformation energy (W) characteristic of high-quality wheat and the balance in the P/L ratio (elasticity/elongation) were shown by cvs. ‘Tyumenskaya 33’ (290 a.u.; 1.15 P/L), ‘SKENT-3’ (307 a.u.; 0.89 P/L), and ‘Lutescens 585’ (374 a.u., 1.10 P/L). In laboratory baking, the volume of bread ranged from 620 ml (‘Tyumenskaya 27’) to 768 ml (‘Tyumenskaya 29’) with an average value of 707 ml. A baking quality analysis of the cultivars grown in the Northern Trans-Urals and Northern Kazakhstan demonstrated that the conditions in Northern Kazakhstan were more favorable for obtaining bread with an increased volume. On the basis of environmental tests and an assessment of a set of biochemical and technological indicators, cvs. ‘SKENT-3’ and ‘Tyumenskaya 29’ were selected. It makes sense to continue studying wheat cultivars that can be sources and donors of high-quality grain for the development of cultivars for the arid steppe of Northern Kazakhstan.

Nina A. Bome

Papers

Ecological consequences of increasing crop productivity : plant breeding and biotic diversity

A comparative study of morphophysiological characteristics of flax in controlled and natural environmental conditions.

Of combining abilities of male sterility lines and sterility binders of sugar beets as to sugar content

Grain quality of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars developed in Western Siberia under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

Temperate Crop Science and Breeding : Ecological and Genetic Studies