The measurement of meaning

In some social groups the acquisition of property is called theft. This may be a perfectly obvious proposition to those who have no property, but is not an appealing one to most of those who have acquired or have inherited property in what is or has been considered an honest way. In most societies people who possess property are generally not brought to trial as alleged thieves or criminals. There was a time when the slave-trade was not generally regarded as criminal. Later it became a crime, and today is looked upon as such-at least, officially-in most societies. There was a law in the State of Connecticut which stated that a person under 16 years of age might be put to death for disobeying his mother. In war, and in revolution, killing and even massacre are not only legal but may be most highly regarded by the very standard-bearers of ethics. In times of peace one sometimes sees considerable fuss made in courts, although more often outside of them, about a situation in which one person called another a bad name, or a pauper took some potatoes without paying for them. By th-ese examples, the point is made that at different times different things are considered crimes, that different people and different groups of society, even different contemporary ones, may consider the same thing a crime or not a crime, according to their social or economic Weltanschauung. One may say that in any society one group, usually a minority, develops and sets up a moral code. Eventually a legal code is evolved. With this code the rest of that society falls in line for a longer or shorter time. Under such circumstances how can the psychiatrist who, after all, does not live apart from his contemporary society or, at least, should not do so, define crime? The best the psychiatrist can do is not to offer any ready-made legal or quasi-legal definition; rather he should adopt a definition given by the established mouthpiece of society on legal matters, i.e., the lawmakers. Of course, they should belong to contemporary society. It seems that the lawmakers of

Crime and Personality.

The Psychopathic Mind: Origins, Dynamics, and Treatment

The Batterer: A Psychological Profile

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Attachment Across the Life Cycle

The problem of assessing criminal attitudes towards violence of violent offenders is very essential. It is important to measure criminal attitude using valid procedures as Self-Concept Implicit Association Test (IAT) and also consider its relationship with additional variables as attachment styles and personality traits, that could help to explain the forming and maintaining criminal attitude towards violence. The aim of this study is to research the relationship of criminal violence, adult attachment styles and personality traits of violent male offenders. Six research questions were formed. Participants were violent male prisoners (N = 77), aged 20-62 years (Mdn = 34 or M = 35.5, SD = 10.6). Methods used: Specially designed Self-Concept IAT, measuring implicit criminal attitudes towards violence; Criminal Attitudes to Violence Scale (CAVs); the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised Abbreviated (EPQR-A) and Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ). The main results showed that anxious-ambivalent attachment style is more common for violent prisoners. It was found that the greatest impact on implicitly measured attitudes towards criminal violence is made by insecurity then, explicit attitudes towards violence and then by neuroticism. The factor analyses indicated three factors. The results can be used in the process of re-socialization of violent prisoners.

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Research of the Relationship of Criminal Violence, Adult Attachment Styles and Personality Traits of Violent Male Offenders

Analysis of studies shows that in studying attitudes towards risky and safe driving only few researches are based on the use of implicit methods. The aim of the study: the study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with the use of Implicit Association Tests and self-assessment procedures. Participants: 69, age 21-59, M = 42, SD = 9.02, 27 female and 42 male, all with B category driver licenses, driving experience 9-24 years. Implicit measurements: two experimental procedures of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by the authors for measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving: IAT and self-concept IAT Explicit measurements: a self-assessment procedure developed by the authors “Scale of measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving,” cross-cultural Personality Questionnaire ZKPQ-50-CC (Aluja, Rossier, García, Angleitner, Kuhlman, & Zuckerman, 2006). A positive relationship between the results of measurements using IAT and self-concept IAT was found in participants with high anxiety. The effect size obtained with the IAT is larger than the effect size obtained with self-concept IAT. A relationship between the results of measurement of attitudes towards the use a mobile phone while driving, measured by experimental procedures and the personal factors was found.

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Study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with implicit association tests and self-assessment procedures

* Plotka Irina — Doctor of Science in Psychology, Professor, Director of Professional Master Study Programme “Psychology”, Head of the Department Psychology, Baltic International Academy, Riga, Latvia, irinaplotka@inbox.lv ** Simane-Vigante Laura — Master of Psychology, Researcher, Department of Psychology, Baltic International Academy, Riga, Latvia, l.simane@inbox.lv *** Blumenau Nina — Doctor of Science in Engineering, Associated Professor, Department of Psychology, Baltic International Academy, Riga, Latvia, nina.blum@gmail.com For citation: Plotka I., Simane-Vigante L., Blumenau N. Implicit association Self-concept test in studying of violence-related cognitions. Sotsial'naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo [Social Psychology and Society], 2018. Vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 176—186. doi:10.17759/sps.2018090317 (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.). Implicit association Self-concept test in studying of violence-related cognitions

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Implicit association Self-concept test in studying of violence-related cognitions

Attitudes towards gambling have been mostly measured with explicit methods, although it has been stated that explicit attitude measures could have significant limitations due to the social desirability. The aim of research is to identify the valence of attitudes to gambling using implicit and explicit measurements in none-problem social gamblers, who regularly visit gaming establishments and people who do not go to the gaming establishments. Methods: Single-Category IAT; Breen and Zuckerman’s Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (GABS). Sample 50 participants. Age 18-45 (Me=31,5). Groups: “Gamblers” - casino visitors at least once a week, non-problem social gamblers - 25 and “Non-Gamblers” - 25. Results: GABS measures of attitudes expose that the attitudes’ to gambling level in the group “Gamblers” exceeds the attitudes’ to gambling level in the group „Non-Gamblers”. The positive and

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Investigation of attitudes toward gambling with implicit association test and self-reported measures

Attachment system is an emotion regulation device that helps to regulate the emotions and the expression of it. In forensic psychology attachment security/insecurity is studied, because it tends to be a predictive moderator of violent offenses. Attitudes towards violence are important predictors of violent behaviour. The aim of the study is to research the relationship between the results of implicit and explicit measurements of attitudes towards criminal violence and attachment styles of violent sentenced male offenders and non-offenders. Five research questions have been set. 88 males took part in the research. The whole sample consisted of two groups: “Sentenced” (N = 49) and “Not Sentenced” (N = 39). A specially designed Violence Self-concept IAT was used as well as self-report measures (Criminal Attitudes towards Violence Scale and Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire). The results showed a partial correspondence between the results of implicit and explicit measurements of attitudes towards violence. The difference of the strength of explicit criminal attitude towards violence between the groups “Not Sentenced” and “Sentenced” was not revealed, but implicit associations of oneself with non-violence are more pronounced in the “Not Sentenced” group. In the “Not Sentenced” group, the part of participants with the secure attachment style is greater than in the “Sentenced” group. The relationships between measurements of attachment styles (secure, insecure avoidant and insecure anxious) and attitudes towards criminal violence only with explicit attitudes were revealed. Non offenders with secure attachment style have the least pronounced explicit attitudes towards criminal violence, compared with the males with insecure attachment styles. The results can be used for forensic practitioners in order to improve the process of re-socialization.

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Nina Blumenau

Papers

Research of the Relationship of Criminal Violence, Adult Attachment Styles and Personality Traits of Violent Male Offenders

Study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with implicit association tests and self-assessment procedures

Implicit association Self-concept test in studying of violence-related cognitions

Investigation of attitudes toward gambling with implicit association test and self-reported measures

The Relationship between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards Criminal Violence and Attachment Styles