The measurement of meaning

In some social groups the acquisition of property is called theft. This may be a perfectly obvious proposition to those who have no property, but is not an appealing one to most of those who have acquired or have inherited property in what is or has been considered an honest way. In most societies people who possess property are generally not brought to trial as alleged thieves or criminals. There was a time when the slave-trade was not generally regarded as criminal. Later it became a crime, and today is looked upon as such-at least, officially-in most societies. There was a law in the State of Connecticut which stated that a person under 16 years of age might be put to death for disobeying his mother. In war, and in revolution, killing and even massacre are not only legal but may be most highly regarded by the very standard-bearers of ethics. In times of peace one sometimes sees considerable fuss made in courts, although more often outside of them, about a situation in which one person called another a bad name, or a pauper took some potatoes without paying for them. By th-ese examples, the point is made that at different times different things are considered crimes, that different people and different groups of society, even different contemporary ones, may consider the same thing a crime or not a crime, according to their social or economic Weltanschauung. One may say that in any society one group, usually a minority, develops and sets up a moral code. Eventually a legal code is evolved. With this code the rest of that society falls in line for a longer or shorter time. Under such circumstances how can the psychiatrist who, after all, does not live apart from his contemporary society or, at least, should not do so, define crime? The best the psychiatrist can do is not to offer any ready-made legal or quasi-legal definition; rather he should adopt a definition given by the established mouthpiece of society on legal matters, i.e., the lawmakers. Of course, they should belong to contemporary society. It seems that the lawmakers of

Crime and Personality.

The Psychopathic Mind: Origins, Dynamics, and Treatment

The Batterer: A Psychological Profile

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The aim of paper is to analyze the experience of the experimental studying of attitudes by implicit methods in social sciences. It is an experience of collaborative research of graduates and professors to develop a new tool - experimental procedures of the implicit association test and unconscious priming to measure various psychological constructs.The involvement of students into the creative atmosphere underpins the formation of a creative, competent and responsible psychologist who could learn how to work in any field of psychology. The concisely presented results of empirical research are focused on the study of ethnic attitudes, hardiness, gambling addiction and addiction to alcohol with implicit methods and self-assessment procedures. On the example of gambling addiction considered in detail,the benefits of implicit measurements were revealed. Implicit methods are successfully used not only in social psychology and its applied fields, but also in pedagogy (in revealing creative abilities).

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Implicit Methods for Studying Attitudes: Modern Approach to Research in Social Sciences

The research of ethnical attitudes by the means of experimental procedures of unconscious emotional priming and self-reporting methods

The research aim is to study the relationships between implicit and explicit healthy or unhealthy food related cognitions. Research questions: (1) Is there a relationship between the results of measurements of healthy or unhealthy food related cognitions by implicit and self-assessment procedures? (2) How are healthy or unhealthy food related implicit and explicit cognitions and somatic properties (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), age, sex) related? (3) What common factors underlie the relationship between implicit and explicit healthy or unhealthy food related cognitions and somatic properties? (4) What contribution to food related implicit cognitions is made by explicit attitudes (preference of healthy or unhealthy food, the recentness of consumption, awareness of healthy or unhealthy food, sensations of taste) and somatic properties? (5) What contribution to each food related explicit cognition is made by food related implicit cognitions, the other food related explicit cognitions and somatic properties? Method. Participants – 83 students, aged 19-35, M = 25.75, SD = 4.63 years. Measurements: the specially designed IAT and corresponding self-assessment procedures. Results. There is a relationship between the results of implicit and explicit measurements. The main contribution to implicit preference for food is made by the weight, sex and explicit preference, based on recentness of its consumption.

Research of relationships between implicit and explicit healthy or unhealthy food related cognitions

The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.

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Research of implicit attitudes towards gambling for gamblers and non-gamblers

. The most important line of the research is the relationship of implicit and explicit attitudes towards domestic and foreign food brands with personality traits. Although researchers confirm the relevance of these studies, there are relatively few empirical findings on the relationship of “Big Five” personality traits with consumer attitudes. Research aim: to study the relationship of implicit and explicit attitudes towards brands of domestic and foreign food products with the personality traits of consumers. Participants N = 131, aged 17-57 ( Mdn = 31). Measurements: developed by the authors affective and cognitive Implicit Association Tests (IATs), Self-Concept IAT, affective and cognitive explicit procedures; and “Big Five” Inventory – 2 (BFI-2); demographic questionnaires. With the help of factor analysis, independent overall implicit and “overall” explicit attitudes towards food brands were built, the main components of which are both their affective and cognitive foundations, and attitudes measured using the Self-Concept IAT. Relationships between “overall” attitudes, their components with BFI-2 scales and their facets have been revealed. Personality traits and their combinations with facets have been revealed that influence implicit, explicit preferences for domestic, foreign food brands and “uncertain” (ambivalent or unexpressed) preferences. Differences in the role of personality traits in the choice of cognitive and affective bases of both implicit and explicit attitudes have been found, which sometimes lead to opposite results.

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Nina Blumenau

Papers

Implicit Methods for Studying Attitudes: Modern Approach to Research in Social Sciences

The research of ethnical attitudes by the means of experimental procedures of unconscious emotional priming and self-reporting methods

Research of relationships between implicit and explicit healthy or unhealthy food related cognitions

Research of implicit attitudes towards gambling for gamblers and non-gamblers

Relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes towards domestic and foreign food brands and personality traits