Saliva is increasingly recognised as an attractive diagnostic fluid. The presence of various disease signalling salivary biomarkers that accurately reflect normal and disease states in humans and the sampling benefits compared to blood sampling are some of the reasons for this recognition. This explains the burgeoning research field in assay developments and technological advancements for the detection of various salivary biomarkers to improve clinical diagnosis, management, and treatment. This paper reviews the significance of salivary biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic applications, with focus on the technologies and biosensing platforms that have been reported for screening these biomarkers.

/pdf/saliva-based-biosensors-noninvasive-monitoring-tool-for-3ep3x5p1ef.pdf

Saliva-Based Biosensors: Noninvasive Monitoring Tool for Clinical Diagnostics

This paper reviews current trends in wearable device technology, and provides an overview of its prevalent and potential deployments in the mining industry. This review includes the classification of wearable devices with some examples of their utilization in various industrial fields as well as the features of sensors used in wearable devices. Existing applications of wearable device technology to the mining industry are reviewed. In addition, a wearable safety management system for miners and other possible applications are proposed. The findings of this review show that by introducing wearable device technology to mining sites, the safety of mining operations can be enhanced. Therefore, wearable devices should be further used in the mining industry.

Review of Wearable Device Technology and Its Applications to the Mining Industry

This paper presents the design and prototype of a wireless health monitoring system using mobile phone accessories. We focus on measuring real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate monitoring using a smartphone case. With the increasing number of cardiac patients worldwide, this design can be used for early detection of heart diseases. Unlike most of the existing methods that use an optical sensor to monitor heart rate, our approach is to measure real-time ECG with dry electrodes placed on smartphone case. The collected ECG signal can be stored and analyzed in real time through a smartphone application for prognosis and diagnosis. The proposed hardware system consists of a single chip microcontroller (RFduino) embedded with Bluetooth low energy, hence miniaturizing the size and prolonging battery life. The system called “smart case” has been tested in a laboratory environment. We also designed a 3-D printed smartphone case to validate the feasibly of the system. The results demonstrated that the proposed system could be comparable to medical grade devices.

A Wireless Health Monitoring System Using Mobile Phone Accessories

In India agriculture plays a very important role. The Indian economy is also greatly affected by agricultural, as about 50 percent of total population is directly or indirectly depend on the agricultural related activities. A farmer has to go to the farm to check the water level in the field and to turn on and turn off the water pump, sometimes even in the middle of the night. This problem can be overcome by improving old methods of farming. A new system can be developed or designed which transform the old traditional farming into the smart farming. This paper tries to design a simple water pump controller by using a soil moisture sensor and Esp8266 NodeMCU-12E. A Message Queue Telemetry Transport protocol is used for transmitting and receiving sensor information. Depending on a status of soil moisture content NodeMCU-12E controls a water pump action and displays the soil moisture sensor data and water pump status on a web page or mobile application. In this way, a secure, flexible, trust-able and economical system is developed to solve above mentioned agricultural irrigation problem.

A low cost smart irrigation system using MQTT protocol

WHO – Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes

The impact when a motorcyclist involves in a high speed accident without wearing a helmet is very dangerous and can cause fatality. Wearing a helmet can reduce shock from the impact and may save a life. There are many countries enforcing a regulation that requires the motorcycle's rider to wear a helmet when riding on their motorcycle, Malaysia is an example. With this reason, this project is specially developed as to improve the safety of the motorcycle's rider. Motorcyclist will be alarmed when the speed limit is exceeded. A Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) and BLDC Fan are used for detection of the rider's head and detection of motorcycle's speed respectively. A 315 MHz Radio Frequency Module as wireless link which able to communicate between transmitter circuit and receiver circuit. PIC16F84a is a microcontroller to control the entire component in the system. Only when the rider buckled the helmet then only the motorcycle's engine will start. A LED will flash if the motor speed exceeds 100 km/hour.

Smart helmet with sensors for accident prevention

This work focuses on the design and finite element analysis of a polysilicon-based piezoresistive microcantilever beam for application in human stress measurement. In principle, adsorption of saliva amylase on a functionalized surface of the microfabricated cantilever induces surface stress and consequently the bending of the cantilever beam. In this paper, the microcantilever beam is constructed and bending analysis is performed so that tip deflection of the beam can be predicted. The device is modeled using CoventorWare TM . The structural variation in the piezoresistor design on the cantilever beam is investigated to increase the sensitivity of the microcantilever sensor. The stress distribution and the vertical displacement of the piezoresistive microcantilever designed are studied through simulation. The relative resistance changes in the piezoresistors as a function of the vertical displacements of the microcantilever beam is also investigated. It is found that the deflection displacement increases with length and thickness of piezoresistor. The relative resistance change in the piezoresistors is found to increase when the thickness decreases.

Design Simulation and Finite Element Analysis of Piezoresistive Microcantilever for Human Stress Measurement

This paper describes the fabrication process of a piezoresistive microcantilever sensor that is used as a platform for biological sensing such as salivary amylase‐activity. The 0.5 μm‐thick piezoresistive sensors are made on polysilicon‐based cantilever beam. This surface micromachined microcantilever is based on silicon wafers and fabricated using 0.5 μm CMOS process technology . The range of microcantilevers is 40–140 μm long, 0.5–1 μm thick, and 40 μm wide. The force sensitivity of implemented sensors ranges from 2–10 Pa is corresponding to salivary amylase‐activity adsorbed on the piezoresistive microcantilever.

Design and Fabrication of Polysilicon‐based Piezoresistive Microcantilever For Biological Sensing

This paper deals with the development of a low cost self-sensing Piezeoresistive Microcantilever Biosensor to detect human stress using salivary alpha amylase activity. The salivary alpha amylase enzyme will immobilize on to the Piezeoresistive Microcantilever biosensor to detect activity during the enzyme responses. When the Microcantilever beam deflects it caused the stress change within the microcantilever beam and applied strain to the piezoresistor material thereby causing the resistance change and the Piezoresistive Microcantilever biosensor integrated with transducer components coverts the biochemical signal into measurable signal. The enzyme concentration signal is converted to a voltage by the transducer. A novel Piezeoresistive Microcantilever biosensing method and its application is described. The device was designed specifically that it enables the small resistivity change due to the enzymatic reaction to be measured.

Development of a low cost self-sensing Piezoresistive Microcantilever biosensor and read-out circuitry for measuring salivary-amylase activity

This project uses a non-invasive method for measuring the blood glucose concentration levels. By implementing two infrared light with different wavelength; 940nm and 950nm based on the use of light emitting diodes and measure transmittance through solution of distilled water and d-glucose of concentration from 0mg/dL to 200mg/dL by using a 1000nm photodiode. It is observed that the output voltage from the photodiode increased proportionally to the increased of concentration levels. The relation observed was linear. Nine subjects with the same age but different body weight have been used to observe the glucose level during fasting and non-fasting. During fasting the voltage is about 0.13096V to 0.236V and during non-fasting the voltage range is about 0.12V to 0.256V. This method of measuring blood glucose level may become a preferably choice for diabetics because of the non-invasive and may extend to the general public. For having a large majority people able to monitor their blood glucose levels, it may prevent hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and perhaps the onset of diabetes.

Nina Korlina Madzhi

Papers

Smart helmet with sensors for accident prevention

Design Simulation and Finite Element Analysis of Piezoresistive Microcantilever for Human Stress Measurement

Design and Fabrication of Polysilicon‐based Piezoresistive Microcantilever For Biological Sensing

Development of a low cost self-sensing Piezoresistive Microcantilever biosensor and read-out circuitry for measuring salivary-amylase activity

Initial quantitative comparison of 940nm and 950nm infrared sensor performance for measuring glucose non-invasively