Three studies examined the relationships among anger, gender, and status conferral. As in prior research, men who expressed anger in a professional context were conferred higher status than men who expressed sadness. However, both male and female evaluators conferred lower status on angry female professionals than on angry male professionals. This was the case regardless of the actual occupational rank of the target, such that both a female trainee and a female CEO were given lower status if they expressed anger than if they did not. Whereas women's emotional reactions were attributed to internal characteristics (e.g., “she is an angry person,” “she is out of control”), men's emotional reactions were attributed to external circumstances. Providing an external attribution for the target person's anger eliminated the gender bias. Theoretical implications and practical applications are discussed.

Can an Angry Woman Get Ahead? Status Conferral, Gender, and Expression of Emotion in the Workplace

The study explores trust in the online insurance industry and examines the moderating effect of intelligent agents on customization, core self-evaluation, and information richness on trust. Data were collected online from a total of 606 valid questionnaires. Structured equation modeling is employed to confirm the proposed model. The results show that customization, core self-evaluation (CSE) and information richness have a significant, positive causal influence on trust. Intelligent agent moderates positively the relationship between core self-evaluation, information richness and trust. However, it does not show to moderate the relationships between customization and trust. This study introduces “intelligent agent” as a moderating variable. The intelligent agent positively moderates trust between the CSE and information richness. However, intelligent agent does not moderate the relationship between customization.

Effect of customization, core self-evaluation, and information richness on trust in online insurance service: Intelligent agent as a moderating variable

The study explores trust in the online insurance industry and examines the moderating effect of intelligent agents on customization, core self-evaluation, and information richness on trust. Data were collected online from a total of 606 valid questionnaires. Structured equation modeling is employed to confirm the proposed model. The results show that customization, core self-evaluation (CSE) and information richness have a significant, positive causal influence on trust. Intelligent agent moderates positively the relationship between core self-evaluation, information richness and trust. However, it does not show to moderate the relationships between customization and trust. This study introduces “intelligent agent” as a moderating variable. The intelligent agent positively moderates trust between the CSE and information richness. However, intelligent agent does not moderate the relationship between customization. 

Does beautification technology use affect appearance anxiety? An exploration of latent mechanisms

Despite the popularity of the core self-evaluation (CSE) concept in the organizational psychology literature, research has largely neglected the relational costs perceived by individuals with excessively high levels of CSE (i.e., hyper-CSE). This study addresses these gaps by examining the curvilinear relationship between CSE and social acceptance. Using data from 165 employees and their supervisors, we found support for our model, which posits that CSE has an inverted U-shaped relationship with social acceptance. We also found that this relationship was moderated by conscientious organizational citizenship behaviors (conscientious-OCB). The diminishing returns of CSE occurred only for employees who were rated low in conscientious-OCB. Conversely, when conscientious-OCB was high, employees continued to have positive social acceptance effects. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Ningyu Tang

Papers

Reversing the Pollyanna Effect: the Curvilinear Relationship Between Core Self-Evaluation and Perceived Social Acceptance