Brazil is the third world largest producer of fruits, surpassed only by China (94.4 millions of tons) and India (51.14 million tons) (Vitti, 2009). The fruit growing area in Brazil currently takes up 2.3 millions of hectares, with an annual production superior to 36.8 millions of tones. The horticulture generates six millions of direct jobs, totalizing about 27% of total labor force employed in agriculture in the Country, and makes a gross domestic product (GDP) of about US$ 11 billion. In the farms of fruit growing, in general, there are a demand for intensive and qualified labor, creating jobs and ensuring a rural Well-being of the farmers and their employees, both on small farms as on large farms. However, Brazil occupies the 17th position among world exporters of fruits (Ibraf, 2009; Vitti, 2009).

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Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control

We documented fruit fly-host associations and infestation rates over 5 yr in the state of Bahia, Brazil, by systematically collecting native and introduced fruits in backyard and commercial orchards, experimental stations, and patches of native vegetation Fruit were collected in multiple sites in the southern and southernmost regions of Bahia A total of 94222 kg from 27 fruit species in 15 plant families was collected throughout this study Of these, 15 plant species from six families were infested by Anastrepha species A total of 11,614 fruit flies was reared from the fruit (5,178 females and 6,436 males) No specimens of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were recovered Eleven Anastrepha species were recovered from the collected fruit: Anastrepha antunesi Lima (004%), Anastrepha distincta Greene (01%), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (535%), Anastrepha leptozona Hendel (45%), Anastrepha manihoti Lima (01%), Anastrepha montei Lima (10%), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (330%), Anastreph

https://bioone.org/journals/Environmental-Entomology/volume-39/issue-5/EN10079/Diversity-of-Anastrepha-spp-Diptera--Tephritidae-and-Associated-Braconid/10.1603/EN10079.pdf

Diversity of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) and associated braconid parasitoids from native and exotic hosts in southeastern Bahia, Brazil.

Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs. For the first time, a review is carried out covering parasitoids and predators of fruit flies (Tephritidae) from the Americas and Hawaii, presenting the main biological control programs in this region. In this work, 31 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered in the genera Anastrepha (11), Rhagoletis (14), Bactrocera (4), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1). In this study, a total of 79 parasitoid species of fruit flies of economic importance are listed and, from these, 50 are native and 29 are introduced. A total of 56 species of fruit fly predators occur in the Americas and Hawaii.

Biological Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Americas and Hawaii: A Review of the Use of Parasitoids and Predators.

A total of 817 samples (1,094.36 kg) of potential fruit fly (Diptera:Tephritidae) hosts were collected from 70 plant species across 29 families in the state of Amapa, Brazil. Twenty-three of these plant species were infested with tephritid larvae. Twelve species of Anastrepha were recovered in different proportions: Anastrepha striata (82.65%), Anastrepha coronilli (6.63%), Anastrepha obliqua (5.47%), Anastrepha distincta (2.28%), Anastrepha fraterculus (2.10%), Anastrepha parishi (0.30%), Anastrepha leptozona (0.22%), Anastrepha pickeli (0.11%), Anastrepha antunesi (0.07%), Anastrepha serpentina (0.07%), Anastrepha sororcula (0.06%), and Anastrepha zenildae (0.04%). Anastrepha striata was recorded from the greatest number of hosts (14 plant species in 8 families). The periods of occurrence of different Anastrepha species were variable, but we observed that A. striata was constantly present in Psidium guajava and sporadically present in fruits of other hosts. The fruits of wild plant species show...

https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-95/issue-3/024.095.0320/Anastrepha-Diptera--Tephritidae-Species-Their-Hosts-and-Parasitoids-Hymenoptera/10.1653/024.095.0320.pdf

Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species, Their Hosts and Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Five Municipalities of the State of Amapá, Brazil

The history of classical biological control of fruit flies in Brazil includes two reported attempts in the past 70 years. The first occurred in 1937 when an African species of parasitoid larvae (Tetrastichus giffardianus) was introduced to control the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata and other tephritids. The second occurred in September 1994 when the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, originally from Gainesville, Florida, was introduced by a Brazilian agricultural corporation (EMBRAPA) to evaluate the parasitoid’s potential for the biological control of Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata. Although there are numerous native Brazilian fruit fly parasitoids, mass rearing of these native species is difficult. Thus, D. longicaudata was chosen due to its specificity for the family Tephritidae and its ease of laboratory rearing. In this paper we review the literature on Brazilian fruit fly biological control and suggest that those tactics can be used on a large scale, together creating a biological barrier to the introduction of new fruit fly populations, reducing the source of outbreaks and the risk of species spread, while decreasing the use of insecticides on fruit destined for domestic and foreign markets.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/4/1/55/pdf

Augmentative Biological Control Using Parasitoids for Fruit Fly Management in Brazil

Arr. Cam. (Anacar-diaceae), is a xerophytic tree species endemic tothe northeastern Brazilian semiarid region in thestates of Piaui, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Bahia, andin the northern part of Minas Gerais (Silva et al.2004). It occurs in the Caatinga biome, which ischaracterized by a semiarid climate and a mosaicof vegetation types varying from dry thorn forestto open shrubby vegetation (Costa et al. 2007).Deforestation has recently increased in Caatingaas a result of an expanding human populationand the demand for timber and land for cattleranching (Coimbra-Filho & Câmara 1996). Fewstudies have focused on the contribution of Caat-inga´s biota to biodiversity in Brazil (Leal et al.2005), and it is considered one of the least knownbiomes in Brazil regarding terrestrial host-depen-dent invertebrates (Lewinsohn et al. 2005).The umbu tree is important from an economicand social standpoint to many populations in Bra-zil’s northeast due to its edible fruit and high tol-erance to drought. Rural communities in thesemiarid region can increase their incomethrough selective extraction of umbu fruit, espe-cially during the prolonged drought periods (Cav-alcanti et al. 2006; Santos 1999). The fruit is around, ovoid, or oblong drupe, 2-3.5 cm long andweighs 10-20 g. The fruit has a thin skin, a largeseed, and high content of moisture, ascorbic acid,and iron. The pulp has a very distinct ﬂavor andaroma and its consumption has been increasingin recent years in several regions in northeasternBrazil, not only for the fresh market but also forthe processing industry (Narain et al. 1992; San-tos 1999).Inventories carried out at a regional level inthe states of Maranhao (Oliveira et al. 2000) andRio Grande do Norte (Araujo et al. 2005) indi-cated that there were fruit ﬂies associated withumbu fruit. A paucity of studies on possible fruitﬂies in Bahia prompted the current considerationof which fruit ﬂy species and parasitoids might beassociated with umbu fruit in the semiarid regionof Bahia.Umbu fruit were collected in southwestern Ba-hia. Our study site was a 3-ha area on a 10-hafarm located in Manoel Vitorino, Bahia, at 290 mabove sea level (14°21´S, 40°11´W). Climate issemiarid, which corresponds to the BSh climatictype of Koppen, with an annual average tempera-ture of approximately 28°C with little variation.Annual average rainfall usually totals less than800 mm and is concentrated from Jan throughMar (Rodrigues 2005). The farm hosts nativeumbu trees at an average density of about 30trees per hectare. The phenology of 30 umbu treeswas veriﬁed through monthly observations in2005 in 3 study parcels of 1 ha each at 200 m spac-ing. Three distinct periods were identiﬁed: vege-tative rest from Apr through Aug, ﬂowering fromSep through Nov, and fruiting from Dec throughMar. We collected 770 ripe or ripening umbu fruit,410 from the canopies and 360 that had fallen onthe ground, totaling 10.68 kg in Jan 2006, Jan,Nov and Dec 2007, and Jan 2008. The collectedfruits were counted, weighed, placed in individualplastic containers with a layer of vermiculite, andcovered with voile cloth until larvae emerged andpupated. Puparia were removed weekly. All pu-paria obtained were placed in 30-mL plastic con-tainers with a layer of vermiculite at the bottomand covered with voile cloth until adults emerged.Voucher specimens were deposited at the Labo-ratorio de Entomologia, UESC, Ilheus, Bahia,Brazil.Altogether, 328 fruits (42.6%) were infested bytephritid larvae, corresponding to an infestationrate of 0.65 ± 0.93 (SD) puparia/fruit and 47 pu-paria/kg. The number of puparia per fruit rangedfrom 1 to 4. We obtained 502 puparia from the in-fested fruit, from which 361 adults emerged, rep-resenting a pupal viability of 71.2%. All adultsreared were

Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Associated with Umbu ( Spondias tuberosa ) in the Semiarid Region of Bahia, Brazil

Este estudo visa identificar e analisar os beneficios das inovacoes e transformacoes tecnologicas em prol do meio ambiente a partir da transicao agroecologica, em uma perspectiva do Bem Viver. Metodologicamente, trata-se de pesquisa bibliografica, com cunho exploratorio e descritivo. O estudo ocorreu no Municipio de Maracas no semiarido do estado da Bahia, entre os territorios, do Vale do Jiquirica e do Medio Rio de Contas. Como resultado, foi possivel identificar que nas comunidades estudadas existe uma riqueza de saberes e os principais beneficios observados foram a capacidade organizativa, a melhoria dos sistemas produtivos, a conservacao ambiental dos recursos naturais e a valorizacao da sociobiodiversidade a partir do resgate e do uso de sementes crioulas, a seguranca alimentar e nutricional com a diversificacao dos plantios, como milho, feijao, ervilha, mandioca, andu, palma, frutas, hortalicas, alem disso observou a geracao de renda a partir da Feira da Diversidade Cultura e Agroecologica. De modo geral, podemos compreender que esses beneficios podem ser entendidos como um processo de Bem Viver agroecologico. Por outro lado, a preocupacao refere-se ao Bem Viver dos camponeses da regiao, que sao prejudicados com a falta de pastos para alimentar os animais e a falta de agua para irrigacao das lavouras, isso devido a degradacao ambiental e as mudancas climaticas na regiao. Conclui-se que as inovacoes e transformacoes tecnologicas podem contribuir para o Bem Viver, diante da transicao agroecologica, e de politicas publicas que proponham e garantam uma producao mais sustentavel e de baixo carbono.

/pdf/agroecologia-saberes-e-praticas-locais-como-componentes-do-42ovjb39uj.pdf

Nivea Maria De Oliveira E. Silva

Papers

Diversity of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) and associated braconid parasitoids from native and exotic hosts in southeastern Bahia, Brazil.

Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Associated with Umbu ( Spondias tuberosa ) in the Semiarid Region of Bahia, Brazil

Agroecologia: saberes e práticas locais como componentes do Bem Viver