抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

A theory of the way working memory capacity constrains comprehension is proposed. The theory proposes that both processing and storage are mediated by activation and that the total amount of activation available in working memory varies among individuals. Individual differences in working memory capacity for language can account for qualitative and quantitative differences among college-age adults in several aspects of language comprehension. One aspect is syntactic modularity: The larger capacity of some individuals permits interaction among syntactic and pragmatic information, so that their syntactic processes are not informationally encapsulated. Another aspect is syntactic ambiguity: The larger capacity of some individuals permits them to maintain multiple interpretations. The theory is instantiated as a production system model in which the amount of activation available to the model affects how it adapts to the transient computational and storage demands that occur in comprehension.

/pdf/a-capacity-theory-of-comprehension-individual-differences-in-4pgbsbb38c.pdf

A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory.

Dementia prevention, intervention, and care

Thank you for downloading combining pattern classifiers methods and algorithms. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen novels like this combining pattern classifiers methods and algorithms, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their computer.

Combining Pattern Classifiers

Diversity among the members of a team of classifiers is deemed to be a key issue in classifier combination. However, measuring diversity is not straightforward because there is no generally accepted formal definition. We have found and studied ten statistics which can measure diversity among binary classifier outputs (correct or incorrect vote for the class label): four averaged pairwise measures (the Q statistic, the correlation, the disagreement and the double fault) and six non-pairwise measures (the entropy of the votes, the difficulty index, the Kohavi-Wolpert variance, the interrater agreement, the generalized diversity, and the coincident failure diversity). Four experiments have been designed to examine the relationship between the accuracy of the team and the measures of diversity, and among the measures themselves. Although there are proven connections between diversity and accuracy in some special cases, our results raise some doubts about the usefulness of diversity measures in building classifier ensembles in real-life pattern recognition problems.

/pdf/measures-of-diversity-in-classifier-ensembles-and-their-4w7qhad8i3.pdf

Measures of Diversity in Classifier Ensembles and Their Relationship with the Ensemble Accuracy

The growing proportion of elderly people in society, together with recent advances in robotics, makes the use of robots in elder care increasingly likely. We outline developments in the areas of robot applications for assisting the elderly and their carers, for monitoring their health and safety, and for providing them with companionship. Despite the possible benefits, we raise and discuss six main ethical concerns associated with: (1) the potential reduction in the amount of human contact; (2) an increase in the feelings of objectification and loss of control; (3) a loss of privacy; (4) a loss of personal liberty; (5) deception and infantilisation; (6) the circumstances in which elderly people should be allowed to control robots. We conclude by balancing the care benefits against the ethical costs. If introduced with foresight and careful guidelines, robots and robotic technology could improve the lives of the elderly, reducing their dependence, and creating more opportunities for social interaction

/pdf/granny-and-the-robots-ethical-issues-in-robot-care-for-the-2ks9iu0yzo.pdf

Granny and the robots: ethical issues in robot care for the elderly

Childcare robots are being manufactured and developed with the long term aim of creating surrogate carers. While total childcare is not yet being promoted, there are indications that it is ‘on the cards’. We examine recent research and developments in childcare robots and speculate on progress over the coming years by extrapolating from other ongoing robotics work. Our main aim is to raise ethical questions about the part or full-time replacement of primary carers. The questions are about human rights, privacy, robot use of restraint, deception of children and accountability. But the most pressing ethical issues throughout the paper concern the consequences for the psychological and emotional wellbeing of children. We set these in the context of the child development literature on the pathology and causes of attachment disorders. We then consider the adequacy of current legislation and international ethical guidelines on the protection of children from the overuse of robot care.

https://philpapers.org/archive/SHATCS.pdf

The crying shame of robot nannies: An ethical appraisal

An appropriate use of neural computing techniques is to apply them to problems such as condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, control and sensing, where conventional solutions can be hard to obtain. However, when neural computing techniques are used, it is important that they are employed so as to maximise their performance, and improve their reliability. Their performance is typically assessed in terms of their ability to generalise to a previously unseen test set, although unless the training set is very carefully chosen, 100p accuracy is rarely achieved. Improved performance can result when sets of neural nets are combined in ensembles and ensembles can be viewed as an example of the reliability through redundancy approach that is recommended for conventional software and hardware in safety-critical or safety-related applications. Although there has been recent interest in the use of neural net ensembles, such techniques have yet to be applied to the tasks of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, we focus on the benefits of techniques which promote diversity amongst the members of an ensemble, such that there is a minimum number of coincident failures. The concept of ensemble diversity is considered in some detail, and a hierarchy of four levels of diversity is presented. This hierarchy is then used in the description of the application of ensemble-based techniques to the case study of fault diagnosis of a diesel engine.

/pdf/combining-diverse-neural-nets-5fgvubxqyp.pdf

Combining diverse neural nets

The use of robots to care for the young and the old, and as autonomous agents on the battlefield, raises ethical issues.

/pdf/the-ethical-frontiers-of-robotics-29umbpkftc.pdf

Noel Sharkey

Papers

Granny and the robots: ethical issues in robot care for the elderly

The crying shame of robot nannies: An ethical appraisal

Combining diverse neural nets

The Ethical Frontiers of Robotics

The crying shame of robot nannies