Field experiment was conducted during rabi season at Raipur, Bankura, West Bengal to study the effect of few insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi K. on rapeseed (Brassica juncea L.). Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments. Insecticides used in the experiments were imidacloprid 17.8% SL at 27g a.i/ha, lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC at 25g a.i/ha, chlorpyriphos 20% EC at 375g a.i/ha, dichlorvos 75% EC at 375g a.i/ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG at 27g a.i/ha, dimethoate 30% EC at 375g a.i/ha and chlorpyriphos 50% + cypermethrin 5% EC (Canon) at 375g a.i/ha. Chlorpyriphos (93.50%) found to be most effective treatment followed by chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (92.76%), thiamethoxam (90.70%) and imidacloprid (90.46%) and dichlorvos (82.81%) showed least effective. Highest yield was recorded from chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (18.45 q/ha) treated plot followed by thiamethoxam (17.86 q/ha), chlorpyriphos (17.50 q/ha) and imidacloprid (16.75 q/ ha) and lowest in dichlorvos treated plot (1: 10.27). Incremental cost benefit ratio indicated that highest return was obtained from imidacloprid (1:16.12) followed by lambda-cyhalothrin (1: 15.68) treated plot. Keyword: Rapeseed, mustard aphid, lambda-cyhalothrin, canon, imidacloprid The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 4(2) : 37-42, December, 2012

Evaluation of new and conventional insecticides for the management of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. (Homoptera: Aphididae) on rapeseed (Brassica juncea L.).

The development of rice varieties with broad-spectrum resistance to insect pests is the most promising approach for controlling a fast evolving insect pest such as the brown planthopper (BPH). To cope with rapid evolution, discovering new sources of broad-spectrum resistance genes is the ultimate goal. We used a forward genetics approach to identify BPH resistance genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) for quantitative trait loci (QTL)-seq of the backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from a cross between the BPH-susceptible cultivar KDML105 and BPH-resistant cultivar Rathu Heenati (RH). Two major genomic regions, located between 5.78–7.78 Mb (QBPH4.1) and 15.22–17.22 Mb (QBPH4.2) on rice chromosome 4, showed association with BPH resistance in both pooled BILs and individual highly resistant and susceptible BILs. The two most significant candidate resistance genes located within the QBPH4.1 and QBPH4.2 windows were lectin receptor kinase 3 (OsLecRK3) and sesquiterpene synthase 2 (OsSTPS2), respectively. Functional markers identified in these two genes were used for reverse screening 9323 lines of the fast neutron (FN)-mutagenized population developed from the BPH-susceptible, purple-pigmented, indica cultivar Jao Hom Nin (JHN). Nineteen FN-mutagenized lines (0.24%) carried mutations in the OsLecRK3 and/or OsSTPS2 gene. Among these mutant lines, only one highly resistant line (JHN4) and three moderately resistant lines (JHN09962, JHN12005, and JHN19525) were identified using three active, local BPH populations. The 19 mutant lines together with three randomly selected mutant lines, which did not harbor mutations in the two target genes, were screened further for mutations in six known BPH resistance genes including BPH9, BPH14, BPH18, BPH26, BPH29, and BPH32. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletion (Indel) mutations were identified, which formed gene-specific haplotype patterns (HPs) essential for broad-spectrum resistance to BPH in both BILs and JHN mutant populations. On the one hand, HPs of OsLekRK2–3, OsSTPS2, and BPH32 determined broad-spectrum resistance to BPH among RH-derived BILs. On the other hand, in the JHN mutant population, BPH9 together with seven significant genes on chromosome 4 played a crucial role in BPH resistance.

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Identification of spontaneous mutation for broad-spectrum brown planthopper resistance in a large, long-term fast neutron mutagenized rice population

Increasing sustainability for rice production systems

The pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a pest of many plants, and a new problem on dates in California. The effects of seven insecticides and water on different life stages of this mealybug were studied to identify the best material for control. Water did not have any significant effect on mealybugs, but the insecticide treatments significantly affected all life stages tested. The egg hatch rate ranged from 28.5% to 17.2% for spirotetramat, bifenthrin, flupyradifurone, fenpropathrin, and buprofezin treatments, and was lower for sulfoxaflor (2.8%) and acetamiprid (0.1%). Despite high survival of neonate crawlers in the non-treated control and water treatments, 53.1% and 34.6% survived in the spirotetramat and buprofezin treatments, respectively; survival was zero in the other treatments. Spirotetramat and buprofezin caused very low mortality of nymphs in the first day post-treatment, but mortality significantly increased over time and reached 42.8% and 50.6% by day 6, respectively. The other treatments were highly toxic to the nymphs (79.4–99.4% on day 6). Insecticides also had a significant effect on the feeding ability of nymphs. By day 6 after treatment, 73.9% to 100% of nymphs treated with different insecticides stopped feeding although they were still alive. Insecticides showed no effect on the mortality of adult females, but the percentages of ovipositing females were significantly reduced (51.1% to 10.6%) in all insecticide treatments, except buprofezin, which was not statistically different from water and the non-treated control. In the process of our studies, we identified abnormalities in the appearance of eggs from females treated with various insecticides, and these aberrant eggs are described.

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Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects of Insecticides on the Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).

A study on diversity and abundance of insects in rice field was conducted at farmer field of Lamahi, Dang during July to October in 2019. Insects were collected using sweep net and light trap. Overall, 414 insect specimen representing 11 families and 8 orders were collected during the period. Grasshopper (23.98%) with including all species was the most abundance insect found in rice field as it followed by brown plant hopper (16.62%). Among the eight insect orders captured Orthoptera (29.16%) was the most abundance insect order followed by Homoptera (16.62%). As the diversity of insect pest in this area may responsible economic losses was found which will be useful to adapt appropriate management practices to keep them at normal area. The presence of natural enemies should conserve to enhance the natural biological control of insect pests.

Diversity and abundance of insect pest of low land rice field in Lamahi, Dang district of Nepal.

This study was conducted during June 2015 to September 2015 through a thorough review of a number of research papers, review papers and case studies that were published in journals of national and international repute. Major Rice growing countries of the world were studied in terms of pest diversity that they had in their rice fields that included China, Bangladesh, India, Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka. Additionally, some strategies that are being used by top growers to expand their economy through rice have also been discussed. This study aims to enlist major rice pests that are present in rice fields of all major rice growing countries of the world.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue1/PartA/3-6-43.pdf

Diversity of insect pests in major rice growing areas of the world

Hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is the major pest of many vegetables, fruits, crops, and ornamental plants causing losses to the farmers and its control has been an issue of significance in the pest management. This study was aimed at evaluating different concentrations (0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14%) of Telsta, Advantage, Talstar, Imidacloprid, and their mixtures against hibiscus mealybug in the Laboratory of Systematics and Pest Management at University of Gujrat, Pakistan. The toxic effect was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay after 24 and 48 h of the application of insecticides. The highest mortality (95.83%) was shown by Talstar and Talstar + Imidacloprid at the concentration of 0.14% after 48 h followed by Advantage + Talstar with 87.50% mortality at 0.14% concentration after 48 h of application. The study also showed that the least effective treatment observed was Advantage + Telsta with no mortality after 24 h and 25% mortality after 48 h at 0.14% concentration. The study revealed that the concentration 0.14% was highly effective in lowering the mealybug population and insecticide mixtures were effective in reducing mealybug density. The study emphasizes the use of such insecticide mixtures to develop better management strategy for mealybug populations attacking ornamental plants. However effects of such insecticide mixtures on other organisms and biological control agents should be checked under field conditions.

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Laboratory Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

The study was conducted to investigate the impact of Lambda Cyhalothrin and Imidacloprid on aphids in strawberry fields located in district Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. The experiment was laid down in RCBD design with three replications. The spray was carried out once and observations regarding pest infestation were recorded at an interval of seven days for four consecutive weeks. The results depicted that aphid population significantly reduced after the spray of Cyhalothrin and Imidacloprid (1ml l-1). Maximum mean values of aphid population per leaf were found to be 27.9 before spraying Cyhalothrin whereas mean values of aphid population per leaf in case of Imidacloprid was 25.9. The population decreased significantly in first three weeks, however, it showed increasing trend in the fourth week. Minimum mean values of aphid population were found to be 6.6 after 14 days of spraying Cyhalothrin while minimum mean values after Imidacloprid spray was set up to be 11.4. The study demonstrated that both chemicals are effective in lowering aphid density in strawberry; however Lambda Cyhalothrin yielded better results as compared to Imidacloprid. The study emphasizes on the use of these chemicals to suppress aphid population under threshold levels and also recommends concentration and number of sprays to enhance the profitability of the crop and ensuring quality. The study asserts that pest status of aphid need to be assessed and management strategies worked out accordingly at larger scale.

https://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2016/vol3issue1/PartB/3-1-1.pdf

Effect of Lambda Cyhalothrin and Imidacloprid on the population density of aphid attacking strawberry

Hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is the pest having serious economic importance. Its infestation on crops, fruits, vegetation and ornamental plants results in defoliation, sooty mold growth and abnormal shaped fruit. The study was conducted to verify toxic effects of Advantage, Telsta, Imidacloprid, Talstar and their possible mixtures for the control of 3rd instar of mealybug under field conditions. The study was held in University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Toxicity of different insecticides and their mixtures was evaluated in the field at 0.14% concentration on the randomly selected Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Shoe flower plants) with heavy infestation of 3rd instar of mealybug after 24, 48 and 72 h of spray. Talstar + Imidacloprid showed highest mortality of 68.09% and 87.23% after 24 and 48 h respectively whereas after 72 h Advantage+Talstar showed highest mortality (97.56%) and Talstar+Imidacloprid (95.75%) was the 2nd highly effective treatment after 72 h of spray. Other insecticide mixtures also gave significant results in showing mortality. Lowest mortality was shown by Talstar (42.86%), Advantage+Imidacloprid (72.22%) and Advantage+Telsta (77.78%) after 24, 48 and 72 h of spray respectively. The study emphasizes on the use of such insecticide mixtures that might be helpful in pest resistant management strategy for mealybug. It is suggested to check persistence and residual toxicity of these insecticide mixtures under field conditions.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue1/PartD/3-6-95.pdf

Noor ul Ane

Papers

Diversity of insect pests in major rice growing areas of the world

Laboratory Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Effect of Lambda Cyhalothrin and Imidacloprid on the population density of aphid attacking strawberry

Field efficacy of some insecticides against hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)