On robust estimation of the location parameter

The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge

We discuss the evolution and state-of-the-art of the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in the field of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (PaRS). UAS, Remotely-Piloted Aerial Systems, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles or simply, drones are a hot topic comprising a diverse array of aspects including technology, privacy rights, safety and regulations, and even war and peace. Modern photogrammetry and remote sensing identified the potential of UAS-sourced imagery more than thirty years ago. In the last five years, these two sister disciplines have developed technology and methods that challenge the current aeronautical regulatory framework and their own traditional acquisition and processing methods. Navety and ingenuity have combined off-the-shelf, low-cost equipment with sophisticated computer vision, robotics and geomatic engineering. The results are cm-level resolution and accuracy products that can be generated even with cameras costing a few-hundred euros. In this review article, following a brief historic background and regulatory status analysis, we review the recent unmanned aircraft, sensing, navigation, orientation and general data processing developments for UAS photogrammetry and remote sensing with emphasis on the nano-micro-mini UAS segment.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/529930.pdf

Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review

https://researchweb.iiit.ac.in/~sai.deepak/lectures/14.%20Thermal%20remote%20sensing%20of%20urban%20climates%202003%20Voogt%20and%20Oke.pdf

Thermal remote sensing of urban climates

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000039918/3024499

Building Information Modeling (BIM) for existing buildings — Literature review and future needs

In this article, two methods for data collection in urban environments are presented. The first method combines multispectral imagery and laser altimeter data in an integrated classification for the extraction of buildings, trees and grass-covered areas. The second approach uses laser data and 2D ground plan information to obtain 3D reconstructions of buildings.

http://www.lidar.com.br/arquivos/extractbuildtreeurbanenv.pdf

Extraction of buildings and trees in urban environments

The development of tools for the generation of 3D city models started almost two decades ago. From the beginning, fully automatic reconstruction systems were envisioned to fulfil the need for efficient data collection. However, research on automatic city modelling is still a very active area. The paper will review a number of current approaches in order to comprehensively elaborate the state of the art of reconstruction methods and their respective principles. Originally, automatic city modelling only aimed at polyhedral building objects, which mainly reflects the respective roof shapes and building footprints. For this purpose, airborne images or laser scans are used. In addition to these developments, the paper will also review current approaches for the generation of more detailed facade geometries from terrestrial data collection.

An update on automatic 3D building reconstruction

One crucial point during the application of direct georeferencing is the accuracy and reliability of directly measured orientation parameters using integrated GPS/inertial systems in an operational photogrammetric airborne environment. In order to investigate the potential of direct georeferencing for standard photogrammetric applications the accuracy of a commercially available GPS/inertial system (Applanix POS/DG 310) is evaluated. For that purpose a well controlled airborne test comparing the results from standard bundle adjustment and point determination by direct georeferencing is described. Within this test special focus is given on the quality of the GPS/inertial exterior orientation using several master stations with varying baseline length up to 380km. Additionally, the influence of variable image overlap on the resulting object coordinates is investigated. Although very consistent and high accuracy in object space is proved using direct georeferencing, the tests show the great importance of proper calibration between GPS/inertial and camera components. From this point of view, the integration of the GPS/inertial exterior orientations in a combined aerial triangulation provides the most flexible approach and is recommended for highest photogrammetric accuracy demands.

/pdf/direct-georeferencing-using-gps-inertial-exterior-32yhrh5bri.pdf

Direct georeferencing using gps/inertial exterior orientations for photogrammetric applications

Developing a documentation system for desert palaces in Jordan using 3D laser scanning and digital photogrammetry

Virtual reality applications in the context of urban planning presume the acquisition of 3D urban models. Photo realism can only be achieved, if the geometry of buildings is represented by a detailed and accurate CAD model and if artificial texture or real world imagery is additionally mapped to the faces and roofs of the buildings. In the approach presented in this paper height data provided by airborne laser scanning and existing ground plans of buildings are combined in order to enable an automatic data capture by the integration of these different types of information. Afterwards virtual reality city models are generated by texture processing, i.e. by mapping of terrestrial images. Thus the rapid acquisition of 3D urban GIS is feasible.

Norbert Haala

Papers

Extraction of buildings and trees in urban environments

An update on automatic 3D building reconstruction

Direct georeferencing using gps/inertial exterior orientations for photogrammetric applications

Developing a documentation system for desert palaces in Jordan using 3D laser scanning and digital photogrammetry

3d urban gis from laser altimeter and 2d map data