Traditional waste management system operates based on daily schedule which is highly inefficient and costly. The existing recycle bin has also proved its ineffectiveness in the public as people do not recycle their waste properly. With the development of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), the traditional waste management system can be replaced with smart sensors embedded into the system to perform real time monitoring and allow for better waste management. The aim of this research is to develop a smart waste management system using LoRa communication protocol and TensorFlow based deep learning model. LoRa sends the sensor data and Tensorflow performs real time object detection and classification. The bin consists of several compartments to segregate the waste including metal, plastic, paper, and general waste compartment which are controlled by the servo motors. Object detection and waste classification is done in TensorFlow framework with pre-trained object detection model. This object detection model is trained with images of waste to generate a frozen inference graph used for object detection which is done through a camera connected to the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ as the main processing unit. Ultrasonic sensor is embedded into each waste compartment to monitor the filling level of the waste. GPS module is integrated to monitor the location and real time of the bin. LoRa communication protocol is used to transmit data about the location, real time and filling level of the bin. RFID module is embedded for the purpose of waste management personnel identification.

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An Internet of Things Based Smart Waste Management System Using LoRa and Tensorflow Deep Learning Model

A review on integrated approaches for municipal solid waste for environmental and economical relevance: Monitoring tools, technologies, and strategic innovations.

Increased automation and intelligence in computer systems have revealed limitations of Cloud-based computing such as unpredicted latency in safety-critical and performance-sensitive applications. The amount of data generated from ubiquitous sensors has reached a degree where it becomes impractical to always store and process in the Cloud. Edge computing brings computation and storage to the Edge of the network near to where the data originates yielding reduced network load and better performance of services. In parallel, new wireless communication technologies have appeared to facilitate the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT). Instead of seeking higher data rates, low-power wide-area network aims at battery-powered sensor nodes and devices which require reliable communication for a prolonged period of time. Recently, Long Range (LoRa) has become a popular choice for IoT-based solutions. In this paper, we explore and analyze different application fields and related works which use LoRa and investigate potential improvement opportunities and considerations. Furthermore, we propose a generic architecture to integrate Edge computation capability in IoT-based applications for enhanced performance.

A Survey on LoRa for IoT: Integrating Edge Computing

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a network paradigm introduced to overcome the inherent challenges of traditional networks. Its architecture is either deployed with a single controller or multiple controllers. While the first is not suitable for large-scale networks, the latter is confronted with a controller placement problem (CPP) in a large-scale network environment. CPP involves the challenge of deploying the optimal number of controllers within a network while meeting certain performance requirements considered conflicting in nature such as reliability, load balancing, latency, energy efficiency, and computation time. A single optimal or random placement may not be feasible in CPP and careful planning is of the essence to find an appropriate trade-off among the metrics. To achieve this, several CPP approaches have been proposed, developed, and deployed over the years, each having its unique objectives, strengths, and weaknesses. Therefore, this paper performed a comprehensive review of some of the existing approaches to identify the unique solutions offered, comprehend the different strategies and the challenges that exist as well as provide researchers with future directions aimed at improving the optimum location and allocation of controllers, in particular, for SDN application in wireless sensor network (WSN). The findings revealed several existing solutions and algorithms as well as several challenges such as the need for an efficient algorithm, attack-aware, cost-aware, and energy-aware CPP schemes while achieving a good quality of service.

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Comprehensive Review of SDN Controller Placement Strategies

Proper waste management is one of the major problems for densely populated urban areas. It is getting difficult day by day to lead a healthy, sustainable living in urban areas because of environmental contamination. Due to the lack of proper waste management approach, problems like an overflow of waste occurs that badly harm our environment. Polluted surroundings result in the spread of various kinds of diseases in an epidemic form. For developed and developing countries, waste management is a challenge to long-term development. Proper management of waste is getting tougher because of increasing population, urbanization, and industrialization. In this modern era of technology, we need to apply technology-based solutions to handle large amounts of waste for overpopulated urban areas. We have reviewed several recent research articles related to the smart waste management system, and almost all of them have some major limitations as well as progress. To ensure environmental hygiene and sustainable urban life, we have presented a smart IoT based integrated system consists of an identification system, an automated lid system, a display system, and a communication system. Arduino Uno is used as a microcontroller to synchronize all of the four systems. Sensors are used for identification and measuring the garbage level. The system provides the facility of continuous monitoring of the status of waste inside the garbage bin and shows the percentage filled up on liquid crystal display (LCD). The communication system uses a global system for mobile communications (GSM) module that will inform the corresponding authority to collect the waste when the garbage bin is filled up. The proposed waste management system is much more efficient than any other conventional waste management system as it reduces the use of manpower, avoids spillover of waste, saves time, more economical, and most importantly it is a completely automated system.

Smart garbage management system for a sustainable urban life: An IoT based application

Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted widespread applicability not only limited to smart cities and communities but also in water, waste management and so on. It strength lies in the high impacts it created in the daily life and the potential user's behavior. However, for it to be more effective and increase its adoption, it is require to be energy efficient, able to communicate and share information across extended coverage. Existing technology such as Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) with Long Range (LoRa) has been promising. In the perspective of waste management, several different IoT-enable solutions have been proffered with each having its own strengths and weaknesses that requires improvements. Therefore, this paper performs a review of existing IoT-enabled solutions in smart cites' waste management to bring together the state-of-the-art. The objective is to gain insights into the strengths and weaknesses in order to bring improvements and innovations to manage waste effectively and efficiently as well as maintain a healthy environment in our cities. We performed reviews on 15 research articles in the literature and the results obtained shows that existing solutions were similar in the technologies used but have some drawbacks such as sensing accuracy hindered by various weather conditions, users prone to unauthorized access and short range capabilities. This thus, calls for further improvement and innovation.

Analysis of IoT-Enabled Solutions in Smart Waste Management

Effective and efficient public service delivery like healthcare services are very important in today‘s society, especially in the rural areas. People in rural areas are expected to have access to public facilities at all times. However, these services are not always available when they are needed. This paper discusses the problems faced by rural areas of Mafikeng in South Africa (SA) when public and basic healthcare facilities like medical ambulance transports are needed during emergency situation. The challenges ranges from poor communication, poor road network and unstructured address to non-arrival of ambulances leading loss of lives that are preventable. This paper designed and implemented a system prototype using mobile application technologies to offer cost-effective services to patients during emergencies. It is intended to reduce long queues in hospitals and long waiting periods for an ambulance via location-based services. By using this application, lives in the rural areas can be made easier and loss of lives prevented by providing timely response from the appropriate healthcare providers during emergencies.

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Mobile-Based Medical Emergency Ambulance Scheduling System

This paper presents issues of computer programming and results of controlled experiment conducted to evaluate and understand the significance of pair programming in the teaching of programming. It involved 42 second year students attending object-oriented programming in Java, CISM 214 module as an elective at our institution. The experiment assessed the time for task completion, code correctness and quality as well as students' motivation. The results obtained were analyzed as well as hypothesis formulated and tested. The paired samples T-tests showed a statistically reliable difference between the mean number of time taken and the correctness/quality of programming task in individual and pair programming carried out by the students at a significant level of α=0.05 at 95% confidence interval. The results shows that pair programming is more effective in the teaching of programming than traditional approach and confirms several reports on pair programming in the literature. Thus, it would be advantageous to adopt pair programming as a technique for teaching computer programming for beginners.

Empirical Confirmation of Pair Programming Effectiveness in the Teaching of Computer Programming

Drink-driving and over-speeding of vehicles are the major causes of injuries and deaths on the road globally and South Africa (SA) is not an exception. Different systems which are currently used in detecting high alcohol concentration in drivers’ breath and detecting vehicles that exceeds stipulated speed limit are not effective, efficient and poses health risks to traffic personnel. In an attempt to provide effective solutions to these challenges, this paper proposed a smart transportation system for real-time detection of drinkdriving and over-speeding on the roads using technology of vehicular networks. The objective is to allow for early intervention by traffic personnel aim at saving lives before actual accident occurred. We designed a theoretical framework of the system and implemented an application prototype which is web-based for use by traffic personnel to monitor the detection of traffic offenders in the capacity of drink-driving and overspeeding. We presented and discussed the operation of the system as well as the functionalities it offers. Additionally, we utilized the application to simulate the actual system and based on its working, we found that the system is feasible and can accomplish the tasks of road safety more effective than the existing approaches.

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Nosipho Dladlu

Papers

Comprehensive Review of SDN Controller Placement Strategies

Analysis of IoT-Enabled Solutions in Smart Waste Management

Mobile-Based Medical Emergency Ambulance Scheduling System

Empirical Confirmation of Pair Programming Effectiveness in the Teaching of Computer Programming

Real-time Monitoring and Detection of Drinkdriving and Vehicle Over-speeding