Nuno Crespo

TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey the arguments that support these factors and the empirical evidence already produced, and the results show contrary effects or, in some cases, are still insufficient to draw reliable conclusions.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive survey of the impact of these factors, covering both the theoretical arguments and the main conclusions emerging from the empirical studies, and analyze twelve critical determinant factors of the entry into self-employment grouped into seven categories.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive survey of the impact of these factors, covering both the theoretical arguments and the main conclusions emerging from the empirical studies, and analyze twelve critical determinant factors of the entry into self-employment grouped into seven categories: (i) basic individual characteristics (gender, age, and marital status and children); (ii) family background (parents and spouse); personality characteristics (risk attitude and other psychological traits); (iv) human capital (education and experience); (v) health condition; (vi) nationality and ethnicity; and (vii) access

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether the geographical proximity between multinational and domestic firms is relevant to the occurrence of FDI spillovers, by considering both horizontal and vertical spillovers.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide evidence on intra-industry trade (IIT) in the Portuguese case from 1994 onwards by disentangling vertical from horizontal IIT with two different indexes and analyse the determinants of both IIT types.