Wood is a complex biological material, known also as secondary xylem. It is derived from the vascular cambium and develops in the stems and roots of most gymno-sperms and many angiosperms as a consequence of secondary growth [141]. It consists largely of an assemblage of thickened cell walls deposited by the cell cytoplasm during differentiation. In most cells the cytoplasm then dies leaving them devoid of any living contents.

The Structure of wood

The expansion of environment-friendly materials based on natural sources increases dramatically in terms of biodegradable, recyclable, and environmental disputes throughout the world. Plant-based natural fiber, a high potential field of the reinforced polymer composite material, is considered as lightweight and economical products as they possess lower density, significant material characteristics, and extraordinary molding flexibility. The usage of plant fibers on the core structure of composite materials have drawn significant interest by the manufacturers to meet the increasing demand of the consumers for sustainable features with enhanced mechanical performances and functionalities. The plant fiber-based composites have widespread usage in construction, automotive, packaging, sports, biomedical, and defense sectors for their superior characteristics. Therefore, this critical review would demonstrate an overview regarding the background of natural fiber composites, factors influencing the composite properties, chemical interaction between the fiber and matrices, future potentiality, and marketing perspectives for triggering new research works in the field of biocomposite materials.

Comprehensive review on plant fiber-reinforced polymeric biocomposites

Heat treatment is often used to improve the dimensional stability of wood. In this study, the effects of heat treatment on the physical properties and surface roughness of Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.) wood were examined. Samples obtained from Kastamonu Forest Enterprises, Turkey, were subjected to heat treatment at varying temperatures and for different durations. The physical properties of heat-treated and control samples were tested, and oven-dry density, air-dry density, and swelling properties were determined. A stylus method was employed to evaluate the surface characteristics of the samples. Roughness measurements, using the stylus method, were made in the direction perpendicular to the fiber. Four main roughness parameters, mean arithmetic deviation of profile (Ra), mean peak-to-valley height (Rz), root mean square roughness (Rq), and maximum roughness (Ry) obtained from the surface of wood were used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the surface characteristics of the specimens. Significant difference was determined (p = 0.05) between physical properties and surface roughness parameters (Ra,Rz, Ry, Rq) for three temperatures and three

https://www.mdpi.org/ijms/papers/i9091772.pdf

The effects of heat treatment on the physical properties and surface roughness of Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.) wood

Evaluation of hardness and surface quality of different wood species as function of heat treatment

L'influence de defeuillaisons par la processionnaire du Pin Thaumetopoea pityocampa, sur l'accroissement annuel en diametre de Pinus brutia, a ete testee dans la province de Kahramanmaras, en Turquie. L'etude fut conduite de 1995 a 1998. Durant ces 4 annees, les defeuillaisons ont cause une diminution significative (en moyenne 21 % pour les 4 ans, P < 0,05) de l'accroissement annuel en diametre, en comparaison avec des temoins non defeuilles.

https://www.afs-journal.org/articles/forest/pdf/2005/01/F5011.pdf

Effect of defoliation by Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) on annual diameter increment of Pinus brutia Ten. in Turkey

The effect of boiling time on the surface roughness of rotary-cut veneers from oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.)

Bending strength and modulus of elasticity of wood-based panels at cold and moderate temperatures

In this study, the hardnesses (Brinell and Janka) and air-dry densities of eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) grown in Kahramanmaras forests located in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey were determined. The relationships between the two hardness methods for all three wood sections (cross, radial, and tangential) were studied using linear regression methods. The results showed that the mean values of Janka and Brinell hardnesses of the specimens ranged from 4,810 N to 6,903 N and from 2.8 to 5.8, respectively. In addition, regardless of the sections of the wood specimens, almost all the relationships between Brinell and Janka hardnesses determined for all three sections of the wood specimens were significant. The strongest linear relationship between Brinell and Janka hardnesses was found for the total of the three sections. Through these findings, the Janka hardness of the wood specimens of eastern beech species could be converted into Brinell hardness and vice versa.

Determination of the relationships between Brinell and Janka hardness of eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky)

Plantation-grown wood species are becoming more important. Their anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties are different and generally more variable than wood grown in natural stands. The objective of this study was to investigate the wettability and surface roughness (SR) of natural and plantation-grown narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) wood. The logs were cut from a natural stand versus three different spacings of plantation-grown narrow-leaved ash wood stands. Plantation spacings were 3 x 2 m, 3 x 2.5 m, and 4 x 4 m. The wetting behavior of the wood samples was characterized by the contact angle (CA) method (goniometer technique). A stylus type profilometer was used for the SR measurement according to the DIN 4768 (1990) standard. The SR and CA measurements were done on both the radial and tangential surfaces of the samples. Individual values of both SR and CA of ash wood showed statistically significant differences. Based on the findings, it appears that the natural-grown ash wood have higher (less favorable) SR and lower (more favorable) CA values compared to all the plantation-grown ash wood on both radial and tangential surfaces. Tangential surfaces had lower SR values and higher CA values than the radial surfaces for all groups. In conclusion, plantation-grown narrow-leaved ash wood can be utilized for bonded wood products such as plywood, laminated veneer lumber, and glulam.

https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_06_4_4721_Buyuksari_AGA_Wettability_Roughness_Ash_Wood/1226

Nusret As

Papers

The effect of boiling time on the surface roughness of rotary-cut veneers from oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.)

Bending strength and modulus of elasticity of wood-based panels at cold and moderate temperatures

Determination of the relationships between Brinell and Janka hardness of eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky)

WETTABILITY AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF NATURAL AND PLANTATION-GROWN NARROW-LEAVED ASH (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) WOOD

Effect of steaming time on surface roughness of beech veneer