The interest to carry out volatility analysis of crude oil production in Nigeria in this paper is motivated by the shortfalls in quantities of crude oil produced in recent past, given the country’s high dependence on oil and its contribution to the nation’s economic development. In 2016 precisely, the country experienced drastic instability in prices of crude oil at international markets and dwindling production quantities due to vandalism on oil facilities and other corrupt practices in the sector. This paper aims at using volatility measures to investigate variability of crude oil production as an assumed contributor to the economic downturn observed in the recent past in Nigeria. The data used are crude oil production data in millions of barrels collected from NNPC Statistical Bulletin. Variance of the crude oil series has been fitted with ARCH (2) model. ARCH (3) and GARCH (3,3) models are also fitted to the variance of the error obtained from ARIMA(0,1,1). ARCH and GARCH models have shown evidence of volatility in the series. The parameter estimate of the non-linear component of the bilinear model fitted to the crude oil data could not capture volatility clustering. This explains the superiority of ARCH and GARCH model over bilinear model when fitting volatile series. Synonymous with oil price volatility, evidence has it that crude oil production data are volatile. Although, Nigerian government’s intervention and negotiations with Niger Delta Militants to end operational attacks on oil facilities yielded positive results, fact has been established that the two economic variables (production and price) are volatile, as contributors to the recent past economic recession in Nigeria. It is important for the stakeholders in the sector and Nigerian government to always exhibit proactive measures against illicit activities that negatively affect oil production at all times and ensure maximum control of crude oil production process and militating factors during price shocks to avoid uncontrollable economic instability.

	Key words: Crude oil, volatility, ARIMA Model, ARCH, GARCH, BARIMA Model.

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Volatility measure of Nigeria crude oil production as a tool to investigate production variability

The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock market return volatility in Sub-Sahara markets. The study concentrated on three stock markets including Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa using GARCH-X (1,1) model on monthly data from January 2000 to December 2017. Preliminary analyses from descriptive statistics show that show mean monthly returns are positive for all the stock markets. Skewness coefficients show that the stock returns and interest rates distribution of all Sub-Sahara Africa stock markets are negatively skewed but inflation rate is positively skewed for Nigeria and South Africa, and flat for Ghana. Excess kurtoses are positive for all the stock markets and macroeconomic indicators, and Jarque-Bera statistics indicate the stock markets’ series and macroeconomic indicators are not normally distributed. The Unit roots tests results indicate that all the stock markets and macroeconomic indicators are first difference stationary. The results of the GARCH-X (1,1) model show that macroeconomic variables do not significantly impact stock market returns volatility in Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa at the 5% significance Level. We therefore recommend that stock market regulators, market participants and investors should concentrate more efforts on other macroeconomic variables aside interest rate and inflation rate, in estimating stock market return volatility in Sub-Sahara Africa.

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Impact of macroeconomic variables on stock return volatility: evidence from sub-sahara africa

This study evaluates the interrelationship between crude oil price volatility and money market rate volatility in a developing, crude oil producing economy using monthly time series observations from January 2002 to December 2014. The results obtained from a BEKK specification of a multivariate GARCH (1,1) model indicate that shocks and increased volatility from crude oil prices and money market rates influence their current volatilities. The result also show evidence of volatility persistence in crude oil prices and money market rates in Nigeria. The results further provide evidence of significant unidirectional volatility spillovers from crude oil prices to the money market in Nigeria. These findings are important because they provide a strong indication that crude oil price volatility is a very strong variable in determining the money market rates volatility in Nigeria.

O Emenike Kalu

Papers

The Interrelationship between Crude Oil Price Volatility and Money Market Rate Volatility in a Developing, Oil-Producing Economy