A spark-ignition four-stroke gasoline engine, of the commonly mass-produced type having a plurality of cylinders provided each with two poppet valves mounted in a cylinder-head of the engine and constituting respectively an inlet valve, for passing a fuel-air mixture to the cylinder, and an exhaust valve for passing exhaust gases to an exhaust manifold of the engine, is given exhaust valves which are at least 7% greater in area than the inlet valves.

Internal combustion engines

A compression ignition type engine, wherein a first combustion where the amount of the recirculated exhaust gas supplied to the combustion chamber is larger than the amount of recirculated exhaust gas where the amount of production of soot peaks and almost no soot is produced and a second combustion where the amount of recirculated exhaust gas supplied to the combustion chamber is smaller than the amount of recirculated exhaust gas where the amount of production of soot peaks are selectively switched between and where the second combustion is switched to the first combustion when the temperature of the catalyst arranged in an engine exhaust passage is about to fall below the activation temperature.

Compression ignition type engine

The Mechanism and Function of Group II Chaperonins.

Chaperonins are allosteric double-ring ATPases that mediate cellular protein folding. ATP binding and hydrolysis control opening and closing of the central chaperonin chamber, which transiently provides a protected environment for protein folding. During evolution, two strategies to close the chaperonin chamber have emerged. Archaeal and eukaryotic group II chaperonins contain a built-in lid, whereas bacterial chaperonins use a ring-shaped cofactor as a detachable lid. Here we show that the built-in lid is an allosteric regulator of group II chaperonins, which helps synchronize the subunits within one ring and, to our surprise, also influences inter-ring communication. The lid is dispensable for substrate binding and ATP hydrolysis, but is required for productive substrate folding. These regulatory functions of the lid may serve to allow the symmetrical chaperonins to function as 'two-stroke' motors and may also provide a timer for substrate encapsulation within the closed chamber.

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Essential function of the built-in lid in the allosteric regulation of eukaryotic and archaeal chaperonins.

A system for controlling fuel injection in an engine. The
engine includes an intake passage (15), an intake passage injector
(18), a cylinder (11) having a combustion chamber (10), and a
cylinder injector (17) for injecting a target amount of fuel into
the combustion chamber (10). The system includes a controller
(21) for controlling the intake passage and cylinder injectors
(17, 18) to permit fuel injection, each with an injection ratio,
while said engine operates in a condition in which said engine
permits fuel injection from said cylinder injector (17). The
system also includes a sensor (23) for sensing the amount of fuel
injected from the cylinder injector. The system is characterized
by a controller (21) for detecting the difference between the
target injection amount and the amount of fuel injected (S102),
for correcting the injection ratios based on the result of the
detection so that the intake passage injector (18) performs fuel
injection together with the cylinder injector (17).

Engine fuel injection control system

A two-stroke engine having an intake valve and an exhaust valve arranged on an inner wall of the cylinder head, an intake passage connected to the cylinder via the intake valve, a fuel injection device arranged in the cylinder, for injecting fuel into the cylinder, a pressure regulator for regulating a fuel pressure supplied to the fuel injection device on the basis of a scavenging pressure in the intake passage, to thereby increase the fuel pressure in accordance with an increase of the scavenging pressure, and a control device for controlling the injection of fuel by the fuel injection device for a time ranging from a time at which the intake valve is opened to a time at which the scavenging pressure becomes equal to a pressure in the cylinder after the intake valve is closed.

Two-stroke engine

An exhaust gas purification device comprising a three way catalyst (17), an oxidizing catalyst (20) and a NOx absorbent (23,24) which are arranged in this order in the exhaust passage. A rich air-fuel mixture is burned in the combustion chamber (3), and the exhaust gas discharged from the engine (1) is initially introduced into the three way catalyst (17). Secondary air is fed into the exhaust passage between the three way catalyst (17) and the oxidizing catalyst (20) so that the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the oxidizing catalyst (20) and the NOx absorbent (23,24) becomes lean.

O Toyota Jidosha K. K. Tanahashi

Papers

Two-stroke engine

An engine exhaust gas purification device