The literature shows that leadership is the second most important factor influencing school and learner outcomes, including levels of literacy and numeracy, school leaving examination results, and progression to secondary and higher education. This paper focuses on school leadership in West Africa, drawing on a systematic review of the academic and 'grey' literature, commissioned by UNESCO. The aim of the desk research was to ascertain the state of school leadership at all levels. The paper shows that no West African countries provide specific preparation for school principals. It also shows that the predominant leadership style is managerial, with accountability to the hierarchy, within and beyond the school. The paper concludes that specific development programmes should be provided for current and aspiring principals.

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School Leadership in West Africa: Findings from a Systematic Literature Review

This paper tries to examine whether health as a component of human capital matters for the growth of the Nigerian economy. The study employs annual time series data from 1970 to 2009. The unit root test result indicates that all the variables except one were stationary at first difference, which also implies a I(1) while the result of the cointegration analysis reveals six cointegrating equations. Accordingly, the study employs the error correction mechanism which helps to determine the short run dynamics of the cointegrated variables towards their equilibrium. The results of the study show that health expenditure is positive and statistically significant but the coefficients of the second and third lags are negative and statistically significant. Infant mortality is significant and has negative coefficient. Life expectancy is positive and statistically significant at the first difference and difference of the second lag. The control variables such as gross fixed capital formation, education expenditure and labour force were all significant. The ECM variable is negative, less than one in absolute term and statistically significant with the coefficient of 40%, implying that the speed of adjustment or convergence to equilibrium is 40%. The model demonstrates a good fit. This is evident from the adjusted R2 of 97%, showing that the explanatory power of the model is strong with the independent variables explaining 97 percent of variation in gross domestic product. The Durbin-Watson statistic of 3.15 falls within the acceptable range of no autocorrelation. The main conclusion from the study is that health as a component of human capital formation matters for the growth of the Nigerian economy. The policy implication of the study is that the Nigerian government should in addition to increasing expenditure on health put in place mechanism to monitor how effectively such funds are utilized for the purposes for which they are meant. All efforts as a matter of fact should also be geared towards combating the menace of communicable diseases such as HIV/ AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in order to improve the health status of the population, reduce infant mortality and improve life expectancy.

Health as a Component of Human Capital Formation: Does it Matter for the Growth of the Nigerian Economy? LA SANTE EST UNE COMPOSANTE DE LA FORMATION DU CAPITAL HUMAIN: EST-CE DERNIER EST IMPORTANT DANS LA CROISSANCE DE L'ECONOMIE NIGERIENNE?

This paper tries to examine whether health as a component of human capital matters for the growth of the Nigerian economy. The study employs annual time series data from 1970 to 2009. The unit root test result indicates that all the variables except one were stationary at first difference, which also implies a I(1) while the result of the cointegration analysis reveals six cointegrating equations. Accordingly, the study employs the error correction mechanism which helps to determine the short run dynamics of the cointegrated variables towards their equilibrium. The results of the study show that health expenditure is positive and statistically significant but the coefficients of the second and third lags are negative and statistically significant. Infant mortality is significant and has negative coefficient. Life expectancy is positive and statistically significant at the first difference and difference of the second lag. The control variables such as gross fixed capital formation, education expenditure and labour force were all significant. The ECM variable is negative, less than one in absolute term and statistically significant with the coefficient of 40%, implying that the speed of adjustment or convergence to equilibrium is 40%. The model demonstrates a good fit. This is evident from the adjusted R2 of 97%, showing that the explanatory power of the model is strong with the independent variables explaining 97 percent of variation in gross domestic product. The Durbin-Watson statistic of 3.15 falls within the acceptable range of no autocorrelation. The main conclusion from the study is that health as a component 1 of human capital formation matters for the growth of the Nigerian economy. The policy implication of the study is that the Nigerian government should in addition to increasing expenditure on health put in place mechanism to monitor how effectively such funds are utilized for the purposes for which they are meant. All efforts as a matter of fact should also be geared towards combating the menace of communicable diseases such as HIV/ AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in order to improve the health status of the population, reduce infant mortality and improve life expectancy. Key words: Human capital; Economic growth; Health; Life expectancy Resume: Cet article tente d'examiner si la sante est une composante comme le capital humain pour la croissance de l'economie nigerienne. L'etude emploie des donnees annuelles sur des series chronologiques de 1970 a 2009. Le resultat du test de racine unitaire indique que toutes les variables sauf une etaient stationnaires au premier abord difference, ce qui implique egalement un I (1) tandis que le resultat de l'analyse de cointegration revele six equations de cointegration. En consequence, l'etude utilise le mecanisme de correction d'erreur qui aide a determiner la dynamique a court terme des variables cointegrees vers leur equilibre. Les resultats des l'etude montrent que les depenses de sante est positif et statistiquement significatif, mais les coefficients des decalages deuxieme et troisieme sont negatifs et statistiquement significatifs. mortalite infantile est importante et a coefficient negatif. esperance de vie est positif et statistiquement significatif a la premiere difference et la difference des lag secondes. Les variables de controle telles que la formation brute de capital fixe, les depenses d'education et de la population active etaient tous significatifs. La variable ECM est negatif, moins d'un terme absolu et statistiquement significative avec le coefficient de 40%, ce qui implique que la vitesse d'ajustement ou de convergence vers l'equilibre est de 40%. Le modele montre un bon ajustement. Ceci est evident a partir du R2 ajuste de 97%, montrant que le pouvoir explicatif du modele est forte avec les variables independantes expliquent 97 pour cent de la variation du produit interieur brut. La statistique de Durbin-Watson de 3,15 se situe dans la fourchette acceptable d'absence d'autocorrelation. La principale conclusion de l'etude est que la sante comme une composante de la formation du capital humain des questions pour la croissance de l'economie nigeriane. L'implication politique de l'etude est que la gouvernement nigerian devrait, en plus d'augmenter les depenses de sante mis en place un mecanisme pour surveiller l'efficacite de tels fonds sont utilises aux fins pour lesquelles ils sont destines. Tous les efforts comme une question de fait doivent egalement etre orientees vers la lutte contre la menace de maladies transmissibles telles que le VIH / sida, le paludisme et la tuberculose afin d'ameliorer l'etat de sante de la population, reduire la mortalite infantile et ameliorer l'esperance de vie. Mots-cles: Capital humain; Croissance economique; Sante; Esperance de vie

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Health as a Component of Human Capital Formation: Does it Matter for the Growth of the Nigerian Economy?

Currently, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) concentrate on developing their employees’ potential to ensure high job performance. Enhancing the perception of efficacy is important to encourage employees to perform their responsibilities with increased self-confidence. Perceived environmental support and knowledge sharing are also significant factors that boost employees’ potential to achieve targets. The purpose of this paper is to examine how self-efficacy (SE) relates both directly and indirectly to employee job performance through perceived environmental support and knowledge sharing.,Empirical data were garnered from a sample of 344 admins working at SMEs in Central Thailand and structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed relationships.,SE had a strong positive influence on employee job performance, perceived environmental support and knowledge sharing, while perceived environmental support and knowledge sharing positively influenced employee job performance. Perceived environmental support and knowledge sharing were considered to be partial mediating factors of SE in the employee job performance model.,This research extends understanding of the relationship between SE and employee job performance. The findings shed light on mediating roles of perceived environmental support and knowledge sharing regarding the relationship between SE and employee job performance.

Mediating effects of perceived environment support and knowledge sharing between self-efficacy and job performance of SME employees

This thesis explored the academic staff working conditions, organizational commitment and performance of Nigerian universities. There is a general thinking that there has been a decline on the motivation of the average academic staff in Nigerian university system leading to brain drain situation and a decline in quality of performance of the universities. Incidentally, there is limited empirical evidence comprehensive enough to serve as a framework of what the academics need at work to make them more inclined to remain in their universities, including university performance. This thesis explored the topic in a comprehensive way with academics from six Nigerian universities. It answers the question what and how did the perceived obstacles to academic staff organizational commitment and university performance in Nigeria evolve, and what can be done to improve it?
The research design was cross-sectional. Qualitative and quantitative information were gathered to uncover the historical origin of the problems; satisfaction with current working conditions, issues of personal growth, organizational commitment, and university performance. A sample of 248 academics participated in the study.
Historically, both structural and managerial issues, internal and external factors, were implicated in the evolution of the problems in the university system. Satisfaction with teaching resources and facilities was poorest. Factors important for personal growth were the same as those that would make the academics more inclined to stay, though, concern with basic salary and welfare were more prominent in decision to stay. Reference to comparable situations with colleagues elsewhere was basis for need to improve on some work factors like salary.
The thesis concludes that, deficiency-growth factors, intrinsic-extrinsic factors, and equity issues are important in dealing with the organizational commitment and performance problems in the Nigerian universities studied. Sugestions and limitations of the study are provided.

Academic staff working conditions, organizational commitment and performance of Nigerian universities

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Influence of Resources Allocation in Education on Secondary School Students’ Outcome in Nigeria.

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Olabanji Emmanuel Obadara

Papers

Influence of Resources Allocation in Education on Secondary School Students’ Outcome in Nigeria.

The Evolution and Management of Higher Education in Nigeria: A Review of Private Initiatives