Russell and Burch introduced the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal experimentation in 1959 in their groundbreaking book, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, to eradicate inhumanity to­ wards non-human animals (hereinafter referred to as animals). They utilized the term inhumanity to indicate negative mental states experienced by animals used in research and the procedures that cause such mental states. Their goal was to avoid the use of animals wherever possible and to improve significantly the treatment of the animals still deemed indispensable, while improving the quality of scientific and medical research and testing (Russell and Burch, 1959 ). Since the 1990s, the 3Rs have slowly gained more acceptance within the animal research community. They have been recognized by organizations such as the Council of Europe (1986) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (2018), and they have been implemented in law in several countries, for example in Germany and in the UK (Herrmann, Kopemik and Biedermann, 2009; Zurlo, Rudacille and Goldberg, 1996). Today, the principles are not only embedded in legislation in the European Union (Eu) but around the world (Bayne et al., 2015). In the EU, Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes came into effect in 2013, thereby requiring all EU Member States to implement the

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Refinement on the Way Towards Replacement: Are We Doing What We Can?

Recent years have witnessed an increasing attention to the vast and alarming health disparities in the United States. This paper explores provider factors in health disparities, considering the role of medical education in training health care providers to practice culturally responsive health care toward a diminution of health inequalities. The paper begins with a description of culturally responsive care along with an overview of the key elements of a comprehensive curriculum for health care providers in this arena. Next, the paper explores the key contributions from the field of psychology to collaborative instruction of health care providers in the areas of attitudes/awareness, knowledge and skills components of culturally responsive care. Finally, the paper concludes with a description of collaborative teaching from a family medicine residency program where a 33-h ‘cultural medicine curriculum within the curriculum’ is delivered over the course of 3 years.

Psychology and medical education: collaborations for culturally responsive care.

Background:In order to meet policy drivers on death in usual place of residence, it is key to understand how shared decision-making can be facilitated in practice An integrated care pathway was implemented in primary care in the North East of England to facilitate death in usual place of residenceAim:To understand how, for whom and in which circumstances death in usual place of residence is facilitatedDesign:A mixed method realist evaluation was employed Local primary care practice death audit data were analysed to identify outcomes using a mixed effects logistic regression model Focus groups and interviews with staff of the integrated care pathway and bereaved relatives were analysed to identify the related contexts and mechanismsSetting/participants:Death audit data of 4182 patients were readily available from 14 general practitioner practices Three focus groups were conducted with primary and secondary care staff, voluntary sector organisations and care home representatives Interviews with bere

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Open communication strategies between a triad of ‘experts’ facilitates death in usual place of residence: A realist evaluation:

OBJECTIVES: Explore the cultural influences of safe sleep practices by African-American caregivers of children under 2 years old. Explore the role of health care professionals in promoting safe sleep. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A focused ethnography was used to understand the contextual cultural meaning and experiences of safe sleep practices of African-American caregivers of children under 2 years. Nineteen African-Americans participated in this study. MEASURES: Demographic data were collected and semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals and small groups. Saturation of the data occurred after 17 interviews. Data were analyzed using Leininger's four Phases of qualitative data analysis. RESULTS: (Themes): (1) The informants expressed both accurate and inaccurate knowledge of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and safe sleep practices influenced by personal experiences, hospital education, family, extended family and television; (2) Sleeping with infants and children was viewed as a cultural caring behavior promoting comfort, closeness and protection for infants, children, parents and caregivers; (3) The informants want and are seeking collaboration with nurses and health care professionals who are viewed as important in promoting accurate information about SIDS and safe sleep practices. CONCLUSION: The role of the nurse can impact accurate outcomes about SIDS and safe sleep practices. Language: en

Exploring Safe Sleep and SIDS Risk Perception in an African-American Community: Focused Ethnography.

Within animal research and testing, the need for an effective Culture of Care is widely recognized and described in terms of an establishment-wide commitment to improving the implementation of the 3Rs, animal welfare, scientific quality, care of the staff, and transparency for all stakeholders, including the public. Ideally, each establishment would determine what the Culture of Care means for them, and be able to assess and potentially benchmark their own culture. Some establishments already do this, using various indicators and formal or informal assessments. This paper provides examples of these approaches to assessing the Culture of Care, including surveys and surrogate measures. Many currently-used criteria and indicators tend to be human-centric and subjective, and we suggest using further objective indicators and animal-centric, 3Rs-based criteria. It is preferable to consider each of the 3Rs separately when assessing culture, and some indicators are suggested to facilitate this. Several documents produced by regulators in the UK and European Union are good sources of objective indicators of a good Culture of Care. This concept paper aims to complement the literature on assessing the Culture of Care, providing ideas and sources of information to help identify relevant and measurable criteria.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/11/969/pdf

Olsson T

Papers

Culture is care