Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, la ponte, la prise de nourriture, la metamorphose, la fecondite, la fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles et leurs effets sur les animaux a sang chaud et sur l'homme

Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica.

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(13)00199-4.pdf

Field high-throughput phenotyping: the new crop breeding frontier

Linear models

Azadirachtin: an update

Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) are not only a useful array of natural products but also an important part of plant defense system against pathogenic attacks and environmental stresses. With remarkable biological activities, plant SMs are increasingly used as medicine ingredients and food additives for therapeutic, aromatic and culinary purposes. Various genetic, ontogenic, morphogenetic and environmental factors can influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs. According to the literature reports, for example, SMs accumulation is strongly dependent on a variety of environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility and salinity, and for most plants, a change in an individual factor may alter the content of SMs even if other factors remain constant. Here, we review with emphasis how each of single factors to affect the accumulation of plant secondary metabolites, and conduct a comparative analysis of relevant natural products in the stressed and unstressed plants. Expectantly, this documentary review will outline a general picture of environmental factors responsible for fluctuation in plant SMs, provide a practical way to obtain consistent quality and high quantity of bioactive compounds in vegetation, and present some suggestions for future research and development.

Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors.

Many plant essential oils show a broad spectrum of activity against pest insects and plant pathogenic fungi ranging from insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent, oviposition deterrent, growth regulatory and antivector activities. These oils also have a long tradition of use in the protection of stored products. Recent investigations indicate that some chemical constituents of these oils interfere with the octopaminergic nervous system in insects. As this target site is not shared with mammals, most essential oil chemicals are relatively non-toxic to mammals and fish in toxicological tests, and meet the criteria for "reduced risk" pesticides. Some of these oils and their constituent chemicals are widely used as flavoring agents in foods and beverages and are even exempt from pesticide registration. This special regulatory status combined with the wide availability of essential oils from the flavor and fragrance industries, has made it possible to fast- track commercialization of essential oil-based pesticides. Though well received by consumers for use against home and garden pests, these "green pesticides" can also prove effective in agricultural situations, particularly for organic food production. Further, while resistance development continues to be an issue for many synthetic pesticides, it is likely that resistance will develop more slowly to essential-oil-based pesticides owing to the complex mixtures of constituents that characterize many of these oils. Ultimately, it is in developing countries which are rich in endemic plant biodiversity that these pesticides may ultimately have their greatest impact in future integrated pest management (IPM) programmes due to their safety to non-target organisms and the environment.

/pdf/essential-oils-as-green-pesticides-potential-and-constraints-1zw3hx16ru.pdf

Essential oils as green pesticides potential and constraints

Insecticidal and antifeedant bioactivities of neem oils and their relationship to azadirachtin content.

Biological activity of limonoids from the rutales

The versatility of the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. is reviewed. This species, native to India, grows in nutrient-poor soils in arid habitats and has tremendous potential for human use. Va...

Properties and uses of neem, Azadirachta indica

Plants based pest control agents have long been touted as alternatives to synthetic chemicals for integrated pest management. Such phytochemicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. Bioactivity of plant-based compounds is well documented in literature and is a subject of increasing importance. An antifeedant approach for insect control has been extensively studied, at least at laboratory level, though only a handful of plant-based compounds are currently used in agriculture. The known active plant-based antifeedants belong to groups like chromenes, polyacetylenes, saponins, quassinoids, cucurbitacins, cyclopropanoid acids, phenolics, alkaloids, various types of terpenes and their derivatives etc., and each insect species may process these allomones in a thoroughly idiosyncratic way, so that the same compound may have very different fates and consequences in different species of insects, thus pointing to different mechanisms involved in antifeedant action. It can also be vis...

/pdf/phytochemicals-and-insect-control-an-antifeedant-approach-46qs075hs2.pdf

Opender Koul

Papers

Essential oils as green pesticides potential and constraints

Insecticidal and antifeedant bioactivities of neem oils and their relationship to azadirachtin content.

Biological activity of limonoids from the rutales

Properties and uses of neem, Azadirachta indica

Phytochemicals and Insect Control: An Antifeedant Approach