/pdf/the-black-swan-the-impact-of-the-highly-improbable-578rzpihbf.pdf

The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable

Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations

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The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance

Emergency management/Emergency preparedness; Emergency management/Public safety; Terrorism and threats/Biological terrorism; Weapons and weapon systems/Biological weapons; Vaccines

Bioterrorism and the People: How to Vaccinate a City against Panic

Anyone who watches the television news has seen images of firefighters rescuing people from burning buildings and paramedics treating bombing victims. How do these individuals make the split-second decisions that save lives? Most studies of decision making, based on artificial tasks assigned in laboratory settings, view people as biased and unskilled. Gary Klein is one of the developers of the naturalistic decision-making approach, which views people as inherently skilled and experienced. Since 1985, Klein has conducted fieldwork to find out how people tackle challenges in difficult, nonroutine situations. Sources of Power is based on observations of humans acting under such real-life constraints as time pressure, high stakes, personal responsibility, and shifting conditions. In addition to providing information that can be used by professionals in management, psychology, engineering, and other fields, the book presents an overview of the research approach of naturalistic decision making and expands our knowledge of the strengths people bring to difficult tasks.

Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions

The functioning and resilience of modern societies have become more and more dependent on critical infrastructures. Severe disturbance to critical infrastructure is likely to reveal chaotic operational conditions, in which infrastructure service providers, emergency services, police, municipalities, and other key stakeholders must act effectively to minimize damages and restore normal operations. This paper aims to better understand this kind of operational environment resulting from, for example, a terrorist attack. It emphasizes mutual interdependencies among key stakeholders in such situations. The empirical contribution is based on observations from a workshop, in which participants representing the critical services and infrastructures in Finland discussed in thematic groups. Two scenarios guided the workshop discussions; nationwide electricity grid disruption and presumably intentionally contaminated water supply in a city. The results indicate that more attention should be paid to the interdependencies between critical infrastructures, as well as to the latent vulnerabilities hidden inside the systems. Furthermore, producing security seems to require continuous interaction and creation of meanings between extremely different actors and logics. This implies a need for changes in thinking, particularly concerning the ability to define problems across conventional administrative structures, geographical boundaries and conferred powers.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/3/838/pdf

Critical Infrastructures: The Operational Environment in Cases of Severe Disruption

This questionnaire ranked 29 identified challenges for Finnish water services in the next 20–30 years. The respondents consisted of 48 experts representing equally four interest groups: utility experts, consultants, authorities and associations, and researchers and educators. The three most urgent challenges were Aging infrastructure, Vulnerability and risk management, and Human resources and know-how. In a wider context most of the identified challenges are related to aging infrastructure and competence development. Tiivistelma Tassa kyselytutkimuksessa arvioitiin 29 haasteen merkittavyytta Suomen vesihuollossa seuraavien 20 – 30 vuoden aikana. Tutkimukseen osallistui 48 asiantuntijaa, jotka jakautuivat tasaisesti neljaan intressiryhmaan: vesihuoltolaitosten henkilostoon, konsultteihin, viranomaisiin seka tutkijoihin ja kouluttajiin. Kolme merkittavinta haastetta olivat ikaantyva infrastruktuuri, haavoittuvuus ja riskienhallinta seka henkiloresurssit. Laajasti tulkittuna ikaantyva infrastruktuuri ja osaamisen kehittaminen kattavat suurimman osan identifioiduista haasteista.

/pdf/challenges-to-finnish-water-and-wastewater-services-in-the-2rc3w4vb80.pdf

Challenges to Finnish water and wastewater services in the next 20-30 years

The aim of this article is to shed light on the theory and praxis of utility stakeholder communication. Our general research objective is to contrast citizens’ experiences of utility-specific information needs with the views of communication managers of municipal water utilities. Empirical data for the study were gathered using two methods. Citizens’ views were gathered from street interviews in several Finnish middle-sized cities, whereas the views of communication professionals of municipal water utilities were collected via email-based survey. Empirical analysis shows that one-way communication has its relevance, and it should actually be improved most notably in exceptional situations, such as water supply disruptions. More profound changes in customer communication require, however, that utilities support customers’ strive for sustainable and economical water consumption. The overall challenge to utilities is to get closer to the everyday needs of their customers and to develop new communication cult...

Utility–Customer Communication: The Case of Water Utilities

Complexity and uncertainty are framing the modern world, whilst also affecting issues on security and sustainability. There is a need to prepare for known threats and identified risks, but also to improve the ability to cope in situations that are difficult to recognize or describe beforehand. What is at stake—both at the organizational and individual level—is the ability to make sense of uncertain and ambiguous situations. Analyzing two empirical cases, this study aims to shed light on the abilities of experts, who have acted in very challenging situations, in which deviating from established procedures and abandoning politeness have been necessary to respond effectively. The first case deals with a threat of serious violence faced by a police officer. The second case focuses on the actions of an executive fire officer during a rescue operation after an explosion at a shopping mall. This paper concludes by arguing that pre-established procedures require experts to reflect on their usability in exceptional situations as relying on them could also have detrimental effects.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/11/6418/pdf

Securing Operational Capability for Exceptional Circumstances: How Do Professional First Responders Respond to the Unexpected?

Weak signals and wild cards are used to scan the environment and make systems more sensitive to emerging changes. In this paper, the applicability of weak signals and wild cards is experimented in a case of a highly reliable and conservative sector, water and sanitation services. The aim is to explore an approach suitable for water utilities. The paper discusses different theoretical and methodological approaches to weak signals and wild cards, and reflects these in relation to the chosen approach. It is argued that the process of weak signals and wild cards can serve as a communication and reflection exercise for an organisation like a water utility. Furthermore, incorporating weak signals and wild cards can be an essential part in futures thinking, challenge prevailing mental models, and make systems more open to sense and learn from their environment. It is recommended for water utilities to apply a loose approach on weak signals and wild cards and embed it as a part of their organisational culture. However, it should be remembered that the approach should always be chosen to match the overall objectives and context.

/pdf/weak-signals-and-wild-cards-in-water-and-sanitation-services-2sf7wmhngd.pdf

Ossi Heino

Papers

Critical Infrastructures: The Operational Environment in Cases of Severe Disruption

Challenges to Finnish water and wastewater services in the next 20-30 years

Utility–Customer Communication: The Case of Water Utilities

Securing Operational Capability for Exceptional Circumstances: How Do Professional First Responders Respond to the Unexpected?

Weak signals and wild cards in water and sanitation services – exploring an approach for water utilities