REPORTS Stratigraphy of the Wisconsin Range, Horlick Mountains, Antarctica: V. H. Minshew Strontium-90 Fallout: Comparison of Rates over Ocean and Land: W. S. Broecker, G. G. Rocco, H. L. Volchok ..................... Magnesium Ions: Activity in Seawater: R. M. Pytkowicz, I. W. Duedall, D. N. Connors Recent Emerged Beach in Eastern Mexico: E. W. Behrens ...................... Pressure-Induced Phases of Sulfur: S. Geller ................................ Dechlorination of DDT by Aerobacter aerogenes: G. Wedemeyer ................ Separation of Living and Dead Cells by Dielectrophoresis: H. A. Pohl and I. Hawk . 591

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/152/3722/604.full.pdf

Ontogenetic Development of the Human Sleep-Dream Cycle

A monograph communicating the current realities and future possibilities of unifying basic studies on anatomy and cellular physiology with investigations of the behavioral and physiological events of waking and sleep. Steriade established the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at Laval U., Quebec; McCarl

Brainstem control of wakefulness and sleep

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.

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Control of Sleep and Wakefulness

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the principal features of perikaryal responses to axon injury. The neuron is an unusual cell. Its axon terminals may be situated at what in cellular terms is an enormous distance from the cell body (perikaryon); the volume of the latter may be but a small fraction of the total cellular volume. Yet the neuronal processes are maintained and their substance is constantly renewed from the perikaryon. The separation of an axon from its cell body results (in vertebrates) in the degeneration of the separated portion and is followed by a series of morphological changes in the perikarya. The most conspicuous of these is the disintegration, redistribution, and apparent disappearance from the cell body of cytoplasmic basophil material. Changes in axotomized neurons are generally assessed by comparison with the corresponding contralateral neurons of the experimental animal.

The Axon Reaction: A Review of the Principal Features of Perikaryal Responses to Axon Injury

Four men, aged 67-72 years, had 4-month to 6-year histories of injuring themselves or their spouses with aggressive behaviors during sleep, often during attempted dream enactment. A 60-year-old woman had disruptive though nonviolent sleep and dream behaviors. Polysomnography did not detect seizures but did document REM sleep pathology with variable loss of chin atonia, extraordinarily increased limb-twitch activity, and increased REM ocular activity and density. A broad range of REM sleep behaviors was recorded on videotape, including stereotypical hand motions, reaching and searching gestures, punches, kicks, and verified dream movements. Stage 3-4 slow wave sleep was elevated for age in all patients. NREM sleep was devoid of harmful behaviors, although three men had periodic myoclonus. There was no associated psychiatric disorder, whereas serious neurologic disorder was closely associated in four cases: olivo-ponto-cerebellar degeneration, Guillain-Barre syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and an atypical dementia. Two patients had immediate and lasting sleep behavioral suppression induced by clonazepam, and another patient had the same response with desipramine. All instances of drug discontinuation prompted immediate relapse. In four cases there was associated dream hyperactivity, which resolved with behavioral control. These REM sleep neurobehavioral disorders constitute another category of parasomnia, replicate findings from 21 years ago in cats receiving pontine tegmental lesions, and offer additional perspectives on human behavior, neurophysiology, pharmacology, and dream phenomenology.

/pdf/chronic-behavioral-disorders-of-human-rem-sleep-a-new-sqwmftwgya.pdf

Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia.

The vestibular nuclei in cat.

/pdf/the-vestibular-nuclei-and-their-connections-anatomy-and-51yu7e3651.pdf

The Vestibular Nuclei and Their Connections, Anatomy and Functional Correlations

The origin of descending fibres evoking monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in motoneurones was studied.Lumbar flexor and extensor motoneurones were recorded from intracellularly.The ipsilateral ventral and lateral funicles were stimulated at thoracic level in cats with and without chronic lesions of the ipsilateral cervical cord or vestibular complex.In other experiments the ipsilateral Deiters' nucleus was stimulated.Valleys in decending ipsilateral fibres evoke a monosynaptic EPSP in the majority of the flexor and extensor motoneurones with an amplitude corresponding to about 25 per cent of the homonymous group Ia EPSP.The effect is almost entirely of supraspinal origin.Most extensor motoneurones receive this action from fibres originating in the ipsilateral Deiters' nucleus.Flexor, and probably some species of extensor motoneurones, receive the action from a supraspinal structure outside the ipsilateral vestibular complex.The results are discussed in relation to the cerebellar influence on the Deiters' nucleus and the cerebellar inhibition of extensor rigidity.

Ottavio Pompeiano

Papers

The vestibular nuclei in cat.

The Vestibular Nuclei and Their Connections, Anatomy and Functional Correlations

Monosynaptic excitation of alpha motoneurones from supraspinal structures in the cat.

Experimental demonstration of a somatotopical origin of rubrospinal fibers in the cat.

Spinovestibular fibers in the cat; an experimental study.