자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis are two commonly used approaches in data analysis of nursing research, but boundaries between the two have not been clearly specified. In other words, they are being used interchangeably and it seems difficult for the researcher to choose between them. In this respect, this paper describes and discusses the boundaries between qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis and presents implications to improve the consistency between the purpose of related studies and the method of data analyses. This is a discussion paper, comprising an analytical overview and discussion of the definitions, aims, philosophical background, data gathering, and analysis of content analysis and thematic analysis, and addressing their methodological subtleties. It is concluded that in spite of many similarities between the approaches, including cutting across data and searching for patterns and themes, their main difference lies in the opportunity for quantification of data. It means that measuring the frequency of different categories and themes is possible in content analysis with caution as a proxy for significance.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nhs.12048

Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study

This new edition of Ann Bowling's well-known and highly respected text has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect key methodological developments in health research. It is a comprehensive, easy to read, guide to the range of methods used to study and evaluate health and health services. It describes the concepts and methods used by the main disciplines involved in health research, including: demography, epidemiology, health economics, psychology and sociology.The research methods described cover the assessment of health needs, morbidity and mortality trends and rates, costing health services, sampling for survey research, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey design, experimental methods and techniques of group assignment, questionnaire design, interviewing techniques, coding and analysis of quantitative data, methods and analysis of qualitative observational studies, and types of unstructured interviewing. With new material on topics such as cluster randomization, utility analyses, patients' preferences, and perception of risk, the text is aimed at students and researchers of health and health services. It has also been designed for health professionals and policy makers who have responsibility for applying research findings in practice, and who need to know how to judge the value of that research.

Research Methods in Health. Investigating health and health services

How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

/pdf/education-at-a-glance-m5vl7o68j5.pdf

Education at a Glance

Qualitative content analysis is commonly used for analyzing qualitative data. However, few articles have examined the trustworthiness of its use in nursing science studies. The trustworthiness of q...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244014522633

Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness

Aim and background  The purpose was to explore the relationship between multidimensional leadership and burnout among nursing staff. There exists little research evidence of the relation between these phenomena.

Method  The study used a non-experimental survey design. The sample consisted of 601 nurses and nurse managers working in different health care organizations.

Results  Rewarding transformational leadership seems to protect particularly from depersonalization. Active management-by-exception protected from depersonalization and increased personal accomplishment. Passive laissez-faire leadership functioned as an exposing factor for emotional exhaustion as well as a decreasing factor for personal accomplishment. However, the employment status and the character of work tasks affected the connection between leadership and burnout.

Conclusions  The relation between leadership and burnout is complex, affected by situational factors of leadership and the ambiguous nature of burnout. Nurses of various ages, at different stages of career development and participating in different work tasks require different kinds of leadership.

The relationship between multidimensional leadership and burnout among nursing staff.

Title. Psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire among nurses

Aim.  This paper reports a study investigating the psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire among nurses.

Background.  Although the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire is one of the most widely used instruments to measure the multifactor leadership theory in organizational sciences, inconsistent research findings have been reported for its psychometric properties. Little is known about these properties.

Method.  Data were gathered by postal questionnaires in 2001–2002 with nurses working in different healthcare organizations in Finland. A follow-up study was performed 1-year later. The sample consisted of 601 nurses and nurse leaders, and the follow-up study had 78 respondents. The internal consistency of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was explored using Cronbach's α coefficient and item-analysis, and the test–retest reliability using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (single measure intra-class correlation coefficient). The factor structure was studied using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

Results.  The internal consistencies of the leadership subscales were satisfactory. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was fairly stable measured at the 1-year interval. Although the data fail to support the full nine-factor model, a reduced set of items from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire appears to show evidence of the three- and six-factor structures. Exploratory factor analysis showed evidence for the three-factor structure consisting of three distinctive, yet partly related leadership subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis showed evidence for the six-factor structure.

Conclusion.  The psychometric data suggest that a modified version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire is a highly suitable instrument to measure multidimensional nursing leadership. Validity and reliability were supported. The results can be used in studies applying the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.

Psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire among nurses.

The aim was to examine whether work engagement and work commitment can be empirically discriminated and how they are associated with well-being. The terminology used in literature and in practice is confused by the interchangeable use of these terms. Only few studies, like Hallberg and Schaufeli's study, have examined the relationships between work engagement and work commitment systematically by using empirical data. In this study, the data were gathered via self-reported questionnaire from the healthcare staff working in 14 health centres and four hospitals in Finland. The data consisted of 435 responses. The material was analysed by using structural equation modelling (SEM) and correlations. The items of work engagement and work commitment dimensions (identification with organization, willingness to exert in organization's favour, occupational commitment and job involvement) loaded on their own latent variables in SEM analysis, so the data supported this five-factor model. Work engagement and work commitment dimensions were positively related, sharing between 2 and 33% of their variances. These constructs also displayed different correlations with some indicators of well-being measured as personal accomplishment, psychological well-being, mental resources, internal work motivation and willingness to stay on at work. Work engagement had moderate positive correlation to personal accomplishment (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Identification with organization (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), willingness to exert in organization's favour (r =0.44, p < 0.001) and occupational commitment (r =0.37, p < 0.001) had low correlations to personal accomplishment. The results support the notion that work engagement can be empirically discriminated from work commitment. They are distinct, yet related constructs that complement each other, describing different aspects of positive attitudes towards work. The results can be utilized in interventions aimed at quality of working life in health care as well as in studies investigating discriminant and construct validity.

Work engagement, work commitment and their association with well-being in health care.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among Finnish nursing staff. Although the factorial validity of the MBI-HSS has been studied across different countries, the factor structure has never been investigated among Finnish nursing staff. The data were gathered by postal questionnaires from nursing staff working in health-care organizations around Finland. The sample consisted of 627 nurses and nurse managers. The factor structure was studied by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The fit of the hypothesized three-factor model to the data was superior to the alternative one-factor and two-factor models. The three-factor structure (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment) showed the best fit, while the internal consistencies of the subscales were satisfactory. The MBI-HSS is a highly suitable instrument for measuring burnout among nursing staff and it is very applicable to Finnish health-care research.

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Papers

Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness

The relationship between multidimensional leadership and burnout among nursing staff.

Psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire among nurses.

Work engagement, work commitment and their association with well-being in health care.

Factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Finnish nursing staff