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Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn

Recent worldwide interest in building a decentralized, hydrogen-based energy economy has refocused attention on the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) as a potential source of efficient, environmentally friendly, fuel-versatile electric power. Due to its high operating temperature, the SOFC offers several potential advantages over polymer-based fuel cells, including reversible electrode reactions, low internal resistance, high tolerance to typical catalyst poisons, production of high-quality waste heat for (among other uses) reformation of hydrocarbon fuels, as well as the possibility of burning hydrocarbon fuels directly. Today, SOFCs are much closer to commercial reality than they were 20 years ago, due largely to technological advances in electrode material composition, microstructure control, thin-film ceramic fabrication, and stack and system design. These advances have led to dozens of active SOFC development programs in both stationary and mobile power and contributed to commercialization or development in a number of related technologies, including gas sensors,1 solid-state electrolysis devices,2 and iontransport membranes for gas separation and partial oxidation.3 Many reviews are available which summarize the technological advances made in SOFCs over the last 15-35 yearssreaders who are primarily interested in knowing the state-of-the art in materials, design, and fabrication (including the electrodes) are encouraged to consult these reviews.4-12 This review focuses on the factors governing SOFC cathode performancesadvances we have made over † Dedicated to Brian Steele, 1929-2003. Researcher, Entrepreneur, Consensus Seeker. 4791 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4791−4843

Factors Governing Oxygen Reduction in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the promise to improve energy efficiency and to provide society with a clean energy producing technology. The high temperature of operation (500−1000 °C) enables the solid oxide fuel cell to operate with existing fossil fuels and to be efficiently coupled with turbines to give very high efficiency conversion of fuels to electricity. Solid oxide fuel cells are complex electrochemical devices that contain three basic components, a porous anode, an electrolyte membrane, and a porous cathode. In this short review, a survey of the types and properties of materials that have been considered for each of these components is presented with an emphasis on the requirements for operation at intermediate temperature (500−800 °C). Some directions for future research are discussed.

Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell technology: A review

Carbon Nanomaterials for Biological Imaging and Nanomedicinal Therapy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to analyse systematically a group of La1−xSrx-based mixed-metal perovskite-type oxides of interest in the development of oxygen separation membranes. Angle- and temperature-resolved studies reveal compositional variations that correlate with the segregation of various elements during annealing. The complex O 1s, Sr 3d5/2 and La 3d5/2 spectra could be curve-fitted systematically with two La 3d5/2, three Sr 3d5/2 and five O 1s contributions, respectively, using fixed binding energies and full widths at half-maximum. The trends are discussed and assignments are made on the basis of peak intensity and composition variations noted during the angle- and temperature-resolved studies, literature data and nearest-neighbor electronegativities. In all cases, elements present at the outermost surface revealed higher binding energies than their bulk-bound counterparts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

P.A.W. van der Heide

Papers

Systematic x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of La1−xSrx‐based perovskite‐type oxides

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic and ion scattering study of the SrTiO3(001) surface

An electrical conductivity relaxation study of La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3−δ

Photoelectron binding energy shifts observed during oxidation of group IIA, IIIA and IVA elemental surfaces

Single‐Molecule I2@US‐Tube Nanocapsules: A New X‐ray Contrast‐Agent Design