Introduction Epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) occur worldwide and have been known since ancient times Despite the considerable burden caused by EPSD, this category of parasitic diseases has been widely neglected by the scientific community and health-care providers This is illustrated by the fact that in the recent edition of The Communicable disease control handbook, a reference manual for public health interventions, only one EPSD (scabies) is mentioned (1) EPSD fulfil the criteria defined by Ehrenberg & Ault (2005) for neglected diseases of neglected populations, but are not listed on national or international agendas concerning disease control priorities (2,3) This probably explains why efforts to control EPSD at the community level have very rarely been undertaken (4) Six EPSD are of particular importance: scabies, pediculosis (head lice, body lice and pubic lice infestation), tungiasis (sand flea disease) and hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM) They are either prevalent in resource-poor settings or are associated with important morbidity In this paper we focus on these diseases, summarize the existing knowledge on the epidemiology and the morbidity in resource-poor settings and focus on the interactions between EPSD and poverty We use the term "underprivileged population" to designate a typical resource-poor setting in low-income countries, in contrast to the socioeconomic characteristics of affluent communities in high-income countries The expressions "hot-climate country" and "cold-climate country" are used when we refer to climatic restrictions on the occurrence of EPSD Searches of PubMed and LILACS using keywords "parasitic skin disease", "scabies", "pediculosis", "tungiasis", "cutaneous larva migrans" and their synonyms were used as a source of references Searches were made without time limitations In addition, we used references retrieved by the authors during previous work on EPSD Articles in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish were reviewed and analysed where quantitative data were provided, the study design was sound and the study had been performed in a resource-poor setting in a low-income country Of 95 articles identified by these criteria, 50 were selected and cited in the reference list Background The six major EPSD differ considerably in their biological and epidemiological characteristics and life cycles (Table 1) Scabies is caused by a mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), pediculosis by lice, tungiasis by sand fleas (Tungapenetrans) and HrCLM by nematode larvae Although HrCLM and tungiasis are self-limiting diseases, the parasites may persist for months and can cause long-lasting sequels S scabiei and lice propagate continuously and cause persisting symptoms if the infestation remains untreated (5) In EPSD, host-parasite interactions ate restricted to the stratum corneum, the upper layer of the epidermis, which is where the ectoparasites complete their life-cycles, in part or entirely In other parasitic skin diseases, such as leishmaniasis, loiasis or onchocerciasis, other layers of the dermis are also affected Whereas S scabiei and lice accomplish their life-cycle within or on top of the epidermis, T penetrans needs the host only for the production of eggs and completes its other developmental stages off-host In contrast, animal hookworm larvae that have penetrated into the epidermis find themselves at a biological impasse and cannot develop further Epidemiology Scabies, pediculosis capitis and pediculosis pubis occur worldwide but pediculosis corporis is restricted to cold-climate countries and is virtually absent in the tropics (Table 1) HrCLM is very rare in industrialized parts of the world but is ubiquitously present in developing countries (6) Tungiasis is geographically restricted to the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa and South America (7) Except in epidemic circumstances, data on EPSD are not recorded so there is no reliable information available on global disease occurrence, changes in incidence over time, and spatial distribution in endemic areas …

Epidermal Parasitic Skin Diseases: A Neglected Category of Poverty-Associated plagues/Les Maladies Parasitiques De L'epiderme: Une Categorie Negligee De Pathologies Liees a la pauvrete/Parasitosis Epidermicas: Un Problema Desatendido Asociado a la Pobreza

Pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa envenomation in 109 dogs: A retrospective study.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations in cats of contact with caterpillars of the pine processionary moth.MethodsData were retrospectively obtained from the me...

Pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa envenomation in 11 cats: a retrospective study.

Introduction : la gale est une maladie cutanee parasitaire, transmissible par contact peau a peau et rarement par le linge, responsable d'un prurit genant voire de complications infectieuses. Son incidence augmente en France depuis une dizaine d'annees, comme le montrent les ventes de medicaments scabicides et les declarations aupres des autorites de sante. Face a cette recrudescence et a la complexite du traitement, qui expose a un risque d'echec, notre etude s'interessait a la prise en charge de cette pathologie par les medecins de premier recours, afin d'identifier les ecarts aux recommandations. Methode : le protocole consistait en une analyse des pratiques reelles des medecins generalistes de la Gironde. Pour cela, un questionnaire concernant le dernier cas suspect de gale etait rempli par telephone ou par ecrit a la convenance des medecins contactes. 226 questionnaires ont ete remplis, soit 14% de la population des medecins generalistes du departement. L'echantillon des medecins repondeurs etait representatif selon l'âge, le sexe, le lieu d'exercice. Resultats : les resultats montraient un non-respect des recommandations concernant le traitement des sujets contact dans 60% des cas, et concernant la deuxieme dose de scabicide du patient dans 37% des cas. En revanche, l'environnement etait correctement traite dans 97% des cas, les dermocorticoides evites dans 90% des cas. Discussion : une analyse plus fine permettait de constater que les traitements recemment mis sur le marche, et dont le Resume des Caracteristiques du Produit etait en accord avec les recommandations (c'est a dire la permethrine topique et le benzoate de benzyle sans sulfiram), etait mieux prescrits que l'ivermectine et l'esdepallethrine. Notre etude montre le besoin de mieux informer les medecins generalistes sur le traitement des sujets contacts, et l'interet de modifier la fiche RCP de l'esdepallethrine et de l'ivermectine.

https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01486195/document

La prise en charge de la gale par les médecins généralistes de la Gironde

A review, based on the database sources, such as Scopus, Pubmed, Medline, was conducted. The aim of this research was to retrieve up-to-date information about advanced noninvasive diagnostic methods for verification of parasitic skin diseases. The study focused on scabies, pediculosis, demodicosis.

http://cep.bsmu.edu.ua/article/download/1727-4338.X%D0%86X.3.73.2020.24/pdf_556

Advanced noninvasive diagnostic methods of parasitic skin diseases

Resume Les parasitoses cutanees sont frequentes en pathologie humaine. Elles sont cosmopolites mais leur distribution mondiale est irreguliere. Les donnees epidemiologiques fiables sur la prevalence et/ou l’incidence de ces parasitoses sont rares mais la prevalence est surtout elevee dans les pays subtropicaux et tropicaux. Les parasitoses cutanees sont principalement dues aux arthropodes (acariens et insectes) qui parasitent le tegument ou les phaneres. De nombreuses especes de parasites sont en cause, expliquant la grande diversite de leurs manifestations cutanees. Les plus frequentes sont dues aux ectoparasites comme la gale ou les pediculoses (du cuir chevelu, corporelle ou pubienne). Les signes cliniques peuvent etre lies a la penetration du parasite sous la peau, a son developpement, aux venins inocules ou aux manifestations allergiques qu’il entraine. Le diagnostic peut etre aise en cas de signes cliniques pathognomoniques (i.e. sillons des espaces interdigitaux pour la gale) ou parfois plus difficile. Certaines caracteristiques epidemiologiques (piqure diurne ou nocturne, saisonnalite) ou semiologiques (piqures uniques ou multiples, lineaires ou en bouquet) peuvent etre d’une aide precieuse. La place des outils d’imagerie non invasive moderne (dermoscopie ou microscopie confocale in vivo) sera a determiner a l’avenir mais l’œil et l’experience du specialiste (dermatologue, infectiologue, parasitologue, entomologiste) reste pour l’instant indispensable pour orienter ou etablir un diagnostic de certitude. Pour la plupart des parasitoses cutanees, les propositions therapeutiques reposent rarement sur des etudes de fort niveau de preuve ou d’essais randomises mais plutot sur des recommandations d’expert ou sur l’experience personnelle.

P. Delaunay

Papers

Principales parasitoses cutanées : mise au point