Charge–discharge behaviour of VRLA batteries: model calibration and application for state estimation and failure detection

A High-Performance Sintered Iron Electrode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries to Enable Large-Scale Energy Storage

Influence of H2SO4 concentration on the performance of lead-acid battery negative plates

Evaluation of VRLA battery under overcharging: model for battery testing

Aqueous electrolytes are attractive for applications in electrochemical technologies due to features like being eco-friendly, cost effective, and non-flammable. Very recently, superconcentrated aqueous electrolytes, such as so-called water-in-salt, water-in-bisalt, and hydrate melt, have received a significant attention for electrochemical energy storage due to enhanced stability and much wider electrochemical stability window. This Review focuses on the physicochemical properties of the highly concentrated electrolytes that are derived from several analysis techniques and simulation. A summary of most common features such as ions-water interactions, structure of species present in the electrolyte, conductivity, and viscosity of the electrolytes found in the literature are presented as well. In addition, this Review explains how these characteristics affect the electrochemical behavior of the electrolyte such as double layer structure and electrode/electrolyte interface leading to enhanced electrochemical stability of aqueous electrolytes.

Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Water-in-Salt Electrolytes.

Cathodic polarization curves for discharged and partially recharged porous lead/lead sulfate electrodes exhibit limiting current densities, which increase strongly with a decreasing concentration of sulfuric acid. Together with an order of magnitude estimate of the diffusion rate, this indicates that the diffusion of lead ions in a dissolution-electrodeposition mechanism is the rate-determining step during recharge at higher overvoltages. The addition of organic expander impedes the electrode process. The rate of discharge influences the potentiostatic recharge curves in a way, which can be explained by a dissolution-precipitation mechanism and a solid-state reaction working in parallel.

P. Ekdunge

Papers

Kinetics of the Porous Lead Electrode in the Lead‐Acid Battery

Kinetics of the Porous Lead Electrode in the Lead-Acid Battery.