IoT-based smart farming techniques have come up as one of the solutions to tackle the effect of climate change, water scarcity, etc. which are the prime reason for the decline of agricultural products and increase in their price. In recent year, many works have presented innovative ideas and prototypes which can be used for IoT-based smart farming. This article presents a comprehensive review of the cutting-edge technologies and advancements in the field of IoT-based smart farming. This article also presents a discussion on the IoT-based commercial products developed for smart farming. Based on the review of these exiting works and commercial products, some key challenges and future scope of research in this domain are found and presented in the article.

A Comprehensive Review on the Application of Internet of Thing (IoT) in Smart Agriculture

Developing nations like India have a huge potential for agricultural business and better cultivation. Because of the large size of cultivation land, improper water supply systems and lack of technology-based agricultural practices, there is a huge gap among expected and actual quantity and quality of agricultural products. Hence there is a need for significant revival in agribusiness using emerging technologies. The article proposes an intelligent water framework device called Agribot designed for the agricultural industry to minimize the water wastage and a better supply of cultivating materials using the Internet of Things (IoT). Our proposed IOTAgribot will energize the water framework, improve the cost-effective water usage and reduce the labor force to achieve precision agriculture. The proposed IOTAgribot has performed well for variable weather conditions, soli type, moisture content and crops.

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An Internet of Thing based Agribot (IOT- Agribot) for Precision Agriculture and Farm Monitoring

Water management offers an effective solution to satisfy the world’s growing demand for water. Precision irrigation (PI), as an advanced concept in agriculture, has great promise to improve the efficiency of water use, as well as maintain or increase crop yield. PI involves different cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Thing (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and cloud computing. In this chapter, we present an overview of the PI concept and architecture including the most common wireless technologies used. Then, as a proof of concept, a real-time IoT-based smart irrigation system is designed. A number of wireless sensor nodes are deployed to monitor both soil moisture and temperature. Sensed data are transmitted to the gateway through the Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication protocol. A Web interface and mobile application are provided to users to control the level of water in the soil in real time. Users can take immediate action to open or close the pump through the mobile application.

Precision Irrigation: An IoT-Enabled Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Irrigation Systems

India is an Agriculture dependent country. With the significant percentage of its population depending on farming as their livelihood. Hence the monitoring of crop growth parameters is important for efficient yielding. This Project is regarding Smart Irrigation System by using Sensors. This smart irrigation system provides Automatic and remote monitoring of the fields. In this system we are using sensors like pH, Temperature, soil moisture, rain, Low-power image Sensors. The soil moisture sensor is used to monitor the moisture of the Soil. The temperature sensor will monitor the temperature level. The pH Sensor will check the pH range of the soil. Rain sensor is used to detect the rain. If the values which are measured hit the threshold value, a message is forwarded to the user's mobile number. Subsequently a relay can be activated to switch on the sprinkler water motor to wet the crops. An Arduino Uno is used as the brains of the system to interface with the sensors and IoT facility is provided using a Node MCU and Thingspeak. So, we are enhancing our project with an additional feature by measuring pH of our crop and soil with the help of pH sensor. By observing this pH values, we can monitor and control our land from crop failures. The conclusion of our project is to reduce the workload of farmer by saving his time, money, water usage and providing him a healthy and better proportion of crop yield.

Monitoring of Crop Growth Parameters using Arduino and ESP8266

IoT based smart agriculture systems are important for efficient usage of lands, water, and energy resources. Wireless communication protocols constitute a critical part of smart agriculture systems because the fields, in general, cover a large area requiring system components to be placed at distant locations. There are various communication protocols with different features that can be utilized in smart agriculture applications. When designing a smart agriculture system, it is required to carefully consider the features of possible protocols to make a suitable and optimal selection. Therefore, this review paper aims to underline the specifications of the wireless communication protocols that are widely used in smart agriculture applications. Furthermore, application-specific requirements, which may be useful during the design stage of the smart agriculture systems, are highlighted. To accomplish these aims, this paper compares the technical properties and investigates the practical applications of five different wireless communication protocols that are commonly used in IoT applications: ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LoRaWAN. In particular, the inconsistencies in the technical properties of these protocols reported in different resources have been highlighted and the reason for this situation has been discussed. Considering the features offered by the protocols and the requirements of smart agriculture applications, the appropriateness of a particular protocol to a particular smart agriculture application is examined. In addition, issues about cost, communication quality, and hardware of the five protocols have been mentioned. The trending technologies with high potential for the future applications of smart agriculture have been introduced. In this context, the relation of the technologies like aerial systems, cellular communication, and big data analytics with wireless have been specified. Finally, the leading protocol and the smart agriculture application area have been highlighted through observing the year-based distribution of the recent publications. It has been shown that usage of LoRaWAN protocol has become more widespread in recent years. 

Wireless communication protocols in smart agriculture: A review on applications, challenges and future trends

This paper presents a smart irrigation system which is economical and gives the automation in the farm. The aim of this paper is to design an Arduino based controlled irrigation system using Wi-Fi module. The proposed system detects the moisture content in soil, PH level of Soil and temperature using moisture sensor, PH sensor and the temperature sensor. The moisture level of soil is sensed and according to that irrigation can be done. If the level of moisture is below the threshold level the moisture sensor sends the signal to the Arduino board and notification is send through IoT platform. As Compared with the other systems, this system gives better efficiency and it is also less expensive. Arduino collect the data from all the sensors and link that data with the cloud. The main advantage of the system is that the owner of the farm can remotely monitor their farm on IoT. The main aim of the project is to make agriculture smart using automation and IoT technology.

P.H. Bhagat

Papers

Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation Using Sensors and ESP8266 WiFi Module