The role of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture.

The advancements made in tissue culture techniques has made it possible to regenerate various horticultural species in vitro as micropropagation protocols for commercial scale multiplication are available for a wide range of crops. Clonal propagation and preservation of elite genotypes, selected for their superior characteristics, require high degree of genetic uniformity amongst the regenerated plants. However, plant tissue culture may generate genetic variability, i.e., somaclonal variations as a result of gene mutation or changes in epigenetic marks. The occurrence of subtle somaclonal variation is a drawback for both in vitro cloning as well as germplasm preservation. Therefore, it is of immense significance to assure the genetic uniformity of in vitro raised plants at an early stage. Several strategies have been followed to ascertain the genetic fidelity of the in vitro raised progenies comprising morpho-physiological, biochemical, cytological and DNA-based molecular markers approaches. Somaclonal variation can pose a serious problem in any micropropagation program, where it is highly desirable to produce true-to-type plant material. On the other hand, somaclonal variation has provided a new and alternative tool to the breeders for obtaining genetic variability relatively rapidly and without sophisticated technology in horticultural crops, which are either difficult to breed or have narrow genetic base. In the present paper, sources of variations induced during tissue culture cycle and strategies to ascertain and confirm genetic fidelity in a variety of in vitro raised plantlets and potential application of variants in horticultural crop improvement are reviewed.

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Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural crops improvement

Assessment of clonal fidelity of micropropagated gerbera plants by ISSR markers

The genetic fidelity of in vitro-raised gerbera clones was assessed by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Out of 35 RAPD and 32 ISSR primers screened, only 12 RAPD and 10 ISSR primers produced clear, reproducible and scorable bands. The 12 RAPD primers produced 54 distinct and scorable bands, with an average of 4.5 bands per primer. The number of scorable bands for ISSR primers varied from 3 (ISSR-14) to 9 (ISSR-07), with an average of 5.5 bands per primer. The number of bands generated per primer was greater in ISSR than RAPD. All banding profiles from micropropagated plants were monomorphic and similar to those of the mother plant. A similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient revealed that the pair-wise value between the mother and the in vitro-raised plantlets was 1, indicating 100% similarity. This confirmed the true-to-type nature of the in vitro-raised clones.

http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Plant_Cell_Tissue_and_Organ_Culture_DOI_10.1007s11240.pdf

Evaluation of the genetic fidelity of in vitro-propagated gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) using DNA-based markers

RAPD and ISSR based evaluation of genetic stability of micropropagated plantlets of Morus alba L. variety S-1.

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker assay was employed to validate the genetic fidelity of Swertia chirayita plantlets multiplied in vitro by axillary multiplication upto forty-two passages. Sixteen ISSR primers generated a total of 102 amplicons among the tissue-cultured plants. Forty-eight amplicons were amplified in the outlier (a Swertia species). The outlier (negative control) was employed to rule out the possibility that the invariant fingerprint was due to chance alone and that the ISSR technique employed was not discriminatory enough to detect the off-types. A homogenous amplification profile was observed for all the micropropagated plants. The results confirmed the clonal fidelity of the tissue culture-raised S. chirayita plantlets and corroborated the fact that axillary multiplication is the safest mode for multiplication of true to type plants.

Assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated Swertia chirayita plantlets by ISSR marker assay

Numerous human pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria, are able to enter the viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state when they are exposed to environmental stressors and pose the risk of being resuscitated and causing infection after the removal of the trigger. Widely used food preservatives like weak organic acids are potential VBNC inducers in food processing and packaging facilities but have only been reported for food-borne pathogens. In the present study, it is demonstrated for the first time that one such agent, formic acid (FA), can induce a VBNC state at food processing, storage, and distribution temperatures (4, 25, and 37°C) with a varied time of treatment (days 4–10) in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The use of hospital-associated pathogens is critical based on the earlier reports that demonstrated the presence of these bacteria in hospital kitchens and commonly consumed foods. VBNC induction was validated by multiple parameters, e.g., non-culturability, metabolic activity as energy production, respiratory markers, and membrane integrity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the removal of FA was able to resuscitate VBNC with an increased expression of multiple virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) genes in both pathogens. Since food additives/preservatives are significantly used in most food manufacturing facilities supplying to hospitals, contamination of these packaged foods with pathogenic bacteria and the consequence of exposure to food additives emerge as pertinent issues for infection control, and control of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital setting.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.966207/pdf

Formic acid, an organic acid food preservative, induces viable-but-non-culturable state, and triggers new Antimicrobial Resistance traits in Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae

P. Joshi

Papers

Assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated Swertia chirayita plantlets by ISSR marker assay

Formic acid, an organic acid food preservative, induces viable-but-non-culturable state, and triggers new Antimicrobial Resistance traits in Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae