The Trypanosomes of Mammals. A Zoological Monograph

Microalgal biomass is a potential feed ingredient that can replace fishmeal and ensure sustainability standards in aquaculture. To understand the efficacy of the defatted biomass from the marine microalga, Desmodesmus sp. a 70-day feeding study was performed with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Three groups of fish (av. wt. 167 g) were offered either a control feed (without the microalga) or the microalga-containing (10/20%) feeds. At the end of the feeding period, the growth indices (condition factor, specific growth rate) and survival of the microalga-fed fish were not significantly different from the respective values of the control fish, but the feed conversion ratios were inferior. The proximate composition of the whole body of salmon from the three groups did not vary significantly. Compared to the control fish, the alga-fed fish had lower lipid content (10% alga-fed fish) in their fillet. The protein and lipid digestibility in the three feeds did not differ significantly, but the digestibility of energy in the 10% alga-feed was significantly lower than that of the control feed. Furthermore, comparison of the distal intestinal proteome of Atlantic salmon revealed that the expressions of Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein-like (Ahsg), Myosin-11 isoform X1 (My11) and Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial-like (Dld) were altered by the microalgal feeding. Examination of the physiological status of the fish based on the serum antioxidant capacities did not reveal any alga-feed-related differences. Moreover, the expression of the selected immune and inflammatory marker genes and the micromorphological observations did not indicate any aberration in the intestinal health of the microalga-fed fish. It is possible to include 20% of defatted Desmodesmus sp. in the feeds of Atlantic salmon.

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Defatted Biomass of the Microalga, Desmodesmus sp., Can Replace Fishmeal in the Feeds for Atlantic salmon

The aim of this study was to unveil the effect of Lambda Cyhalothrin on condition factor, organosomatic indices and behavioural abnormalities of Clarias gaiepinus (a common Niger Delta Wetland fish). Twenty eight (28) adult Clarias gariepinus (mean length 16.50±0.12cm and mean weight 42.2±0.10g) were acclimatized to laboratory condition for 7 days and then exposed to varying sublethal concentration of Lambda Cyhalothrin (o.012, 0.024, and 0.036mgl-1) in a semi static bioassays for 14 days. Fish were measured and weighed prior and at the experiment. Additionally, keen observation of fish behaviour before and after exposure to the toxicant was also done on daily basis. The final condition of the fishes dropped drastically at increased toxicant concentration (in a dose dependent pattern). Organosomatic indices of the liver (Hepasomatic index {HIS}), kidney (Renasomatic index {RSI}) and spleen (Spleenosomatic index {SSI}) values showed significant variation (p 0.05) except at 0.012mgl-1. The results clearly unveiled the effect of Lambda Cyhalothrin on Clarias gariepinus. These parameters could serve as biomarkers for effect of this toxicant on aquatic organisms. The use of this toxicant in the environment should be done with caution.
 
Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, Lambda Cyhalothrin, Organosomatic indices, bioassay, condition factor.

Condition Factor, Organosomatic Indices and behavioural Abnormalities of Clarias gariepinus exposed to Lambda Cyhalothrin

There has been considerable research on oxidative stress and inflammation, and their relationship with degenerative diseases. This study investigated the effect of Lactobacillus fermentum HFY06 on aging mice induced by D-galactose. The results showed that L. fermentum HFY06 inhibited the atrophy of the brain, kidneys, liver, and spleen, increased serum SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA, and decreased IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Quantitative PCR showed that L. fermentum HFY06 upregulated the expression of Nrf2, γ-GCS, NOS1, NOS3, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in the liver and brain tissues, but decreased the expression of NOS2. Western blot analysis showed that L. fermentum HFY06 effectively upregulated the protein expression of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in the livers and brains of mice. These results suggest that L. fermentum HFY06 can effectively alleviate D-galactose-induced aging in mice, and may activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and increase the levels of downstream regulatory inflammatory factors and antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, consumption of L. fermentum HFY06 may prevent aging or reduce oxidative stress.

Lactobacillus fermentum HFY06 attenuates D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in male Kunming mice.

The leaves of insulin ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) are native bush plants from Central America. This plant in Indonesia is often called paitan or kembang bulan . The aim of this research was to know the profile of SGPT and SGOT of male white rat ( Rattus norvegicus L.) hyperglycemic after giving insulin leaf extract ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray). This study used 20 male Wistar rats which were divided randomly into 5 groups of treatment. Those were P0 as a group of rats which was not given alloxan and insulin leaf extract, P1 as a group of rats which was given alloxan without insulin leaf extract, P2 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and glibenclamide 2 mg/Body Weight (BW)/day, P3 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and insulin leaf extract 30 mg/BW/day, P4 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and insulin leaf extract 60 mg/BW/day. Each treatment was repeated as many as 4 replications. The results of this study indicated that there was no significant differences in all variables, namely levels of SGPT, SGOT, liver weight, body weight and Hepatosomatic index (HSI), so it can be concluded that giving insulin leaf extract ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) of 30 mg/BW/day and 60 mg/BW/day could improve liver function of hyperglycemic male white rats ( R. norvegicus L.).

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Profile of SGPT and SGOT on Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Hyperglycemic After Giving Insulin Leaf Extract (Tithonia diversifolia)

This study describes the influence of parasitism (Trypanosoma lewisi and Cysticercus fasciolaris) on the condition factor, hepato and splenosomatic indices of the common house rat, Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758 from Rohilkhand, Uttar Pradesh, India. Examination of R. rattus (n = 389) revealed T. lewisi (prevalence 12.40 %; intensity14 parasites/1000 RBC) from the blood and C. fasciolaris (larval Taenia taeniaeformis) (prevalence 46.70 %; intensity 2–4 par/host) from the liver. Condition factor (K) and organosomatic indices [hepatosomatic index, spleenosomatic index (SSI)] were evaluated in two groups (Group I non pregnant, Group II pregnant) of female rats which were further subdivided into four subgroups each (a Uninfected, b T. lewisi infected, c C. fasciolaris infected, d T. lewisi and C. fasciolaris infected) belonging to three weight groups (A 50–100 g; B 100–150 g; C 150–200 g). The results indicated that reduction in K-factor was more apparent in young rats, Group Ic (weight category A) showing the maximum depletion (21.62 %), hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were frequent outcomes of parasitic infection and maximum change (50 %) was recorded in dual-infected pregnant rats (Group IId) expressed as SSI of the infected rat. The abnormal condition factor and organosomatic indices indicate perturbations in the biological systems at the organismal level. Thus, the information generated through this piece of work is a warning of an incipient or impending problem.

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P. K. Sharma

Papers

Condition factor and organosomatic indices of parasitized Rattus rattus as indicators of host health.