Deposition and precipitation of paraffin wax in pipelines are major problems in the production, transfer, storage, and processing of crude oil. To prevent complete clogging, it is necessary to minimize and remove deposited wax in pipelines and tubing. Significant research has been done addressing the mechanisms of wax formation and its composition. In this review, the status of research and perspectives on the occurrence and characterization of the paraffin wax that forms in crude oil developing wells and pipelines has been critically reviewed. Several approaches for detecting paraffin wax and managing wax formation damage during oil recovery were discussed. This review also highlighted the effects of temperature and crude oil type on wax formation.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/6/967/pdf

Occurrence and Characterization of Paraffin Wax Formed in Developing Wells and Pipelines

Wax deposition in oil and gas pipelines is considered one of the most severe operational problems, and significant efforts have been made to prevent and remediate this flow assurance issue. Chemica...

A Critical Review of Controlling Paraffin Deposition in Production Lines Using Chemicals

Photothermal Clothing for Thermally Preserving Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil

A review on the rheology of heavy crude oil for pipeline transportation

When crude oil is extracted out of a subterranean reservoir at high temperature and pressure, it is usually transported via a pipeline, where the crude oil experiences radical changes in its physical and chemical properties, instigating numerous complications. Among the various flow assurance problems, wax deposition and build up are among the most commonly found. However, the accurate mechanism of wax deposition is still unclear and is widely debated among researchers. The mechanism under multiphase conditions is also an ambiguity. This review covers the six wax deposition mechanisms, the challenges in multiphase flow conditions, the latest types of chemical inhibitor, and a summary of factors governing chemical inhibitor performance.

Wax formation mechanisms, wax chemical inhibitors and factors affecting chemical inhibition

Flow improvers for assured flow of crude oil in midstream pipeline - A review

2D-layered Bi-functional direct solid-Z-scheme heterogenous vanadium and oxygen doped graphitic carbon nitride single layered nanosheet catalysis for detection and photocatalytic removal of toxic heavy metal

Toxic Environmental Drug Nimesulide Detection and Mineralization Using the Bi-Functional Vanadium and Phosphorous Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets

The “To carry two faces under one hood” technique is used in this article to study how hazardous environmental contaminants are removed by photocatalysis and electrochemistry. By the thermal decomposition approach, nanosheets of F-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) are synthesized using varying weight percentages of NH4F (1, 2, and 3 wt %). Various characterization techniques are applied to study the physiochemical properties of the synthesized F/g-C3N4 nanosheets. The electrochemical characteristics of F/g-C3N4 nanosheets are investigated by decorating a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with F/g-C3N4 and successfully utilizing it for the detection of the organic water effluent metol. F/g-C3N4 exhibits excellent sensitivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility toward the detection of metol with a lower limit of detection (7.483 nM) in the linear range of 0.2–40 μM. The real-time potential application of the decorated electrode for the detection of metol in various real water samples shows excellent recovery percentages. F/g-C3N4 (2 wt %) has a lower band gap with better charge-transfer properties when compared to bulk g-C3N4 and F/g-C3N4 (1 and 3 wt %). A higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 80% is obtained within a short treatment time (60 min) using F2/g-C3N4. The visible light-assisted metol degradation process follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Moreover, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis further validates the degradation response and proposes potential degradation pathways. Investigating the toxicity of the treated water using green gram seeds shows that the treated water is safe to consume and does not contain any toxins. In this respect, F/g-C3N4 nanosheets are outstanding electrophotocatalytic materials that are extremely effective and have a wide range of applications. 

Green Fluorine-Confined 2D layered Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets for Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts toward the Detection and Degradation of Metol Drugs in Wastewater

P. Suresh Moorthi

Papers

Flow improvers for assured flow of crude oil in midstream pipeline - A review

2D-layered Bi-functional direct solid-Z-scheme heterogenous vanadium and oxygen doped graphitic carbon nitride single layered nanosheet catalysis for detection and photocatalytic removal of toxic heavy metal

Toxic Environmental Drug Nimesulide Detection and Mineralization Using the Bi-Functional Vanadium and Phosphorous Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets

Green Fluorine-Confined 2D layered Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets for Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts toward the Detection and Degradation of Metol Drugs in Wastewater