This literature review focuses on education and health in its examination of the role that households and families play in choosing how to invest the human capital of their members. The introductory section describes the history of the development of economic models of the household and reviews how theoretical developments have become linked with data collection. The second section of the report looks at the effects of income on nutritional status and the reverse influence of nutrition (health) on labor productivity (income). Despite the controversies existing in the literature and the difficulties in choosing among the array of solutions to defined problems there is little doubt that investments in education and health enhance productivity fertility child health and child educational attainment. In an attempt to shed light on the underlying mechanisms in these relationships Section 3 focuses on the estimation of reduced form demands for human capital and considers the measurement of human capital; the effects of determinants such as education household resources and community resources; endogenous program placement and selective migration; and the possible estimation bias imposed by fertility and mortality selection. Section 4 continues this investigation by considering the process underlying the production of human capital in terms of the empirical issues involved in estimation of static and dynamic production functions as well as applications to child health and applications to educational attainment. Section 5 relates labor productivity to education and considers data issues the functional form of studies ability family background and school quality. Recent developments in modeling household behavior in a dynamic setting are reviewed in Section 6 and Section 7 describes links among individuals households and families. The concluding section notes that continued integration of survey data collection with theoretical frameworks will lead to a substantial improvement in our understanding of the magnitude of the significance of the effects predicted by the theory.

Human resources: empirical modeling of household and family decisions.

This study was well-received and widely discussed when it appeared in hardback in 1990. It is devoted to analysis of the enduring problem of hunger in the modern world, and of the role that public action can play in countering it. The book is divided into four parts. The first attempts to provide a coherent perspective on the complex nutritional, economic, social and political issues involved in the causation of hunger and deprivation. The second deals with famine prevention, paying special attention to Africa and India. The third focuses on chronic undernourishment and related deprivations. Parts two and three include a number of case studies of successful public action for the prevention of hunger and famines in various parts of the world. The fourth part of the book draws together the main themes and concerns of the earlier chapters, and provides an integrated view of the role of public action in eliminating hunger.

Hunger and Public Action

Publisher Summary Health and nutrition are important as ends in themselves and often are emphasized as critical components of basic needs in developing countries. Cross-country comparisons of standard data suggest that on the average health and nutrition in the developing world falls considerably short of that in the developed world. The chapter presents a review on a number of issues regarding health and nutrition in developing countries and available studies on the determinants of health and nutrition and on their impact on productivity in developing countries. First, the chapter presents a theoretical framework and some issues pertaining to the empirical representation of health and nutrition. The chapter then presents a survey on existing studies of both health and nutrition determinants and on their productivity influence and conclude with some discussion of policy issues and directions for future research. A theoretical framework for the determinants of health and nutrition and their possible productivity impacts is essential to analyze these variables in an organized manner and to be able to interpret empirical studies. The chapter discusses micro production function and demand considerations. The chapter then discusses in brief the supply side and macro relations. Finally, several major econometric problems are reviewed, stating that they are ubiquitous in empirical studies attempting to relate health, nutrition, and socioeconomic variables. Two broad categories of studies of health determinants are of particular interest: those attempting to estimate the reduced-form demand for health outcomes and health-care goods, and those attempting to estimate the underlying health production function.

Chapter 14 Health and nutrition

/pdf/inference-from-complex-samples-4ske2wsuph.pdf

Inference from Complex Samples

Household-level data from Sierra Leone are used to test whether higher caloric intake enhances family farm labor productivity. This is the notion behind the efficiency wages hypothesis, which has found only weak empirical support. A farm production function is estimated, accounting for the simultaneity in input and calorie choice. Instruments include prices, household demographic characteristics, and farm assets. The latter two sets of instruments are later dropped to explore the robustness of the results to different specifications of exogeneity. The exercise shows a highly significant effect of caloric intake on labor productivity, providing solid support for the nutrition-productivity hypothesis. The marginal effect on productivity falls drastically as calorie consumption rises but remains positive at moderately high levels of intake. One result is a fall in the effective price of food, a decline that is larger for households that consumer fewer calories.

/pdf/does-better-nutrition-raise-farm-productivity-2fn751qaxx.pdf

Does Better Nutrition Raise Farm Productivity

Statistical methods for agricultural workers , Statistical methods for agricultural workers , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Statistical methods for agricultural workers.

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Sampling theory of surveys, with applications

Sampling Theory of Surveys with Applications.

http://repository.ias.ac.in/36582/1/36582.pdf

Autoregulatory homestatic nature of energy balance.

Part of the world's population is hungry (undernourished) and malnourished. The paper presents a method of estimating the incidence of hunger in the population, based on the international reference scale for calorie requirements and on the variation in energy expenditure among men of the reference age group; illustrates the application of the method on calorie intake distributions available for a few countries; and estimates that between 300 and 500 million people in the world are undernourished. The paper also presents data on calorie consumption levels, region by region, together with the corresponding requirements, and draws attention to the hunger gap of 11 per cent. between the average levels of per caput consumption and requirement for the populous region of the Far East, and to the wide variation in calorie consumption levels between countries and between segments of the population within countries against a relatively small variation in their calorie requirements. Evidence on the extent of malnutrition is also presented together with an estimate of its incidence relative to the nutritional standards enjoyed by well-developed countries. The paper concludes that between one-third and one-half of the world's population suffers from hunger and malnutrition. As a background to this analysis the paper examines the scope, limitations and sources of errors in available data on food consumption and requirements. In Part Ii the paper gives an estimate of the amount of foods needed for the world's growing population to eliminate the hunger gap and to ensure a moderately good quality of diet for the people of the world. It uses the approach of linear programming in the calculation of the needed food supplies, by ensuring that the additional food supplies, while meeting the nutritional targets, cost the least to the consumer, are feasible of achievement within a reasonable period of years and are capable of being absorbed by the people. It concludes that the total supplies of cereals in the Far East would have to be more than doubled, and those of animal products increased to six times their present size, in order to ensure a reasonably adequate level of nutrition to its people by the year 2000. For the world as a whole the broad conclusion is that, should population grow according to the United Nations' medium forecast, the food supplies would have to be more than doubled by 1980 and tripled by the turn of the century in order to bring about a moderate improvement in the level of nutrition of the people of the world.

P. V. Sukhatme

Papers

Statistical methods for agricultural workers.

Sampling theory of surveys, with applications

Sampling Theory of Surveys with Applications.

Autoregulatory homestatic nature of energy balance.

The World's Hunger and Future Needs in Food Supplies