Pankaj Ghemawat

TL;DR: The CAGE framework as mentioned in this paper considers four attributes: cultural distance (religious beliefs, race, social norms, and language that are different for the target country and the country of the company considering expansion); administrative or political distance (colony-colonizer links, common currency, and trade arrangements); geographic distance (the physical distance between the two countries, the size of the target countries, access to waterways and the ocean, internal topography, and transportation and communications infrastructures); and economic distance (disparities in the two country's wealth or consumer income and variations

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the tendency of business strategies to persist over time and demonstrate with actual company examples how current decisions are constrained by past decisions and future decisions by current ones.

Abstract: Diversified business groups dominate the private sectors of most of the world's economies. Several of these economies have undergone sudden policy changes that significantly increase domestic competitive intensity. The authors demonstrate how the changes in corporate scope that accompany such 'competitive shocks' can be used to weigh the importance of different explanations for the existence of diversified business groups. The authors illustrate their reasoning by studying the restructuring of two of India's largest business groups following a comprehensive post-1991 package of policy reforms. The case studies also elucidate aspects of the restructuring process that should inform larger-sample empirical analyses. Copyright 1998 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

TL;DR: A review of the economic evidence about the international integration of markets indicates that we fall in between these extremes, into a state of incomplete cross-border integration that I refer to as semiglobalization as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the organizational trade-off between static and dynamic efficiency and show that there is a tendency towards extremes, and that the irreversibility of efficiency orientations tends to tip the balance to be struck between static efficiency toward the latter.