Wood Chemistry, Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, examines the basic principles of wood chemistry and its potential applications to pulping and papermaking, wood and wood waste utilization, pulping by-products for production of chemicals and energy, and biomass conversion.

Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications.

Abstract Shortage of wood as a raw material has forced wood-based industries to find alternative local raw materials. Currently, oil palm biomass is undergoing research and development (R & D) and appears to be the most viable alternative. This work examines the conversion of oil palm trunk (OPT) and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) into new plywood and analyses its properties. We prepared five-ply veneer hybrid plywood (alternating layers of oil palm trunk veneer and empty fruit bunch mat) with different spread levels (300 g/m 2 and 500 g/m 2 ) of resins (phenol formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde). We then studied the mechanical and physical properties of the plywood. The results show that hybridisation of EFB with OPT improves some properties of plywood, such as bending strength, screw withdrawal and shear strength. The thermal properties of the plywood panels were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The panels glued with phenol formaldehyde with a spread level of 500 g/m 2 showed better thermal stability than the other panels. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the fibre matrix bonding and surface morphology of the plywood at different glue spread levels of the resins. The fibre–matrix bonding showed good improvement for the hybrid panel glued with 500 g/m 2 phenol formaldehyde.

Development and material properties of new hybrid plywood from oil palm biomass. Mater Des

Innovation in textile has brought alternative plant based fibers such as bamboo into the spotlight and as a replacement to petrochemical based synthetic fibers. Bamboo as a raw material is a remarkably sustainable and versatile resource but the manufacturing process is where the debate really gets heated and the sustainability and green image of bamboo is tarnished. Products made from bamboo are often labeled as ‘eco-friendly’, ‘bio-degradable’ and ‘anti-microbial’ irrespective of their method of manufacturing. The claims may not always portray the products authenticity and true environmental impact. By far, viscose process is predominantly used to create fibers from bamboo but the properties of natural bamboo fibers in such bamboo viscose products have been lost. However, bamboo textiles are not yet achieved their full potential and cleaner production processes are appearing. With abundant sources of raw material, relatively low cost; and unique performance of bamboo fiber it is only a matter of time to develop green and pure bamboo textiles. This paper analyses the prospects of bamboo fibers providing a view on bamboo as a plant and processed fiber, facts regarding the antimicrobial properties of bamboo fibers, its chemical properties, morphology, anatomy, historical overview, patents and modern bamboo textile industry.

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Prospect of bamboo as a renewable textile fiber, historical overview, labeling, controversies and regulation

Thermal treatment of wood using vegetable oils:a review

สถิติการเกษตรของประเทศไทย = Agricultural statistics of Thailand

Bamboo is the most important non-wood species which is abundantly grows in most of the tropical and subtropical zone. It has developed as a specially valuable and superior alternate for wood composite manufactured, such as for pulp and paper, stripboards, matboards, veneer, plywood, particleboard and fiberboard. Moreover, several researches have used it as raw material for structural composites such as Oriented Strand Board (OSB), Glue Laminated Timber (GLT), Parallel Strip Lumber (PSL) and Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL). Nowadays, there are many kinds of bamboo composite are produced and traded in the world. However, there are several differences between bamboo and wood for example macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties. For this reason, the methods, technology and equipment for wood processing cannot be directly applied in bamboo utilization. Further research is noticeably required on the information on bamboo properties, cost-effective technologies and managements. With modern techniques and adapted technologies, bamboo can be processed into a wide range of products which successfully compete with wood and other raw materials in the future.

/pdf/bamboo-an-alternative-raw-material-for-wood-and-wood-based-550sc5h5g1.pdf

Bamboo: An Alternative Raw Material for Wood and Wood-Based Composites

Bamboo culm is a renewable and lightweight material with high strength, particularly tensile strength. It is well accepted that bamboo culms have played a significant role in architecture because of their sustainable contribution. The culm characteristics and properties of three-year-old bamboo from five species (Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus sericeus, Dendrocalamus membranaceus, Thyrsostachys oliveri, and Phyllostachys makinoi) were investigated. The results show that each bamboo species has different culm characteristics along with culm length. Culm size, particularly the outer culm diameter and culm wall thickness, affects the ultimate load. These results confirm that a bigger culm with a thicker wall could receive more load. D. asper received the highest ultimate load, while T. oliveri received the lowest ultimate load. However, when calculating the test results for stress (load per cross-section area), P. Makinoi showed excellent mechanical properties, while D. asper showed the worst mechanical properties. This research promotes bamboo’s appropriate use for building applications and as a more sustainable material for architecture.

Bamboo as a Sustainable Building Material—Culm Characteristics and Properties

Physical and mechanical properties of the sandwich panel were investigated and compared with commercial wood-based products. Two manufacturing parameters were examined, i.e. two types of grain orientation of the oil palm wood core (parallel and perpendicular to board surface) and three levels of adhesive melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin content (150, 250 and 350 g m -2 solid basis). Results showed that the sandwich panel made from oil palm wood as core material with rubberwood veneer as facing had better or similar properties compared with commercial products. Core grain orientation had significant effect on various board properties such as thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, level of resin content within the range studied did not influence any property of the boards. With regard to mechanical and thermal conductivity properties, oil palm sandwich panel could be used as a structural insulated material in the building sector.

https://www.frim.gov.my/v1/JTFSOnline/jtfs/v26n1/50-57.pdf

Lightweight sandwich panel from oil palm wood core and rubberwood veneer face

Low-density sandwich panels consisting of an oil palm wood core overlaid with a rubberwood veneer face were manufactured. Effects of two types of grain orientation of the oil palm wood core (parallel and perpendicular to board surface) and three different veneer thicknesses (0.7, 1.8 and 2.7 mm) and core densities (223 ± 14, 301 ± 35 and 418 ± 33 kg/m3) on some physical and mechanical properties of the boards were investigated. Results showed that higher core density increased the values of thermal conductivity, screw withdrawal resistance, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity but decreased the value of water absorption without effect on thickness swelling of the boards. Boards with the core grain direction oriented perpendicular to panel’s surface possessed lower value of thickness swelling but higher values of thermal conductivity and strain at fracture when the board failed in a mode of core shear under bending test than those of the others. Finally, the relationship between board density and the measured physical and mechanical properties of the oil palm wood core sandwich panels overlaid with a rubberwood veneer expressed as mathematical equations could be used to predict and design the expected properties of this type of sandwich board.

Investigation of physical and mechanical properties of oil palm wood core sandwich panels overlaid with a rubberwood veneer face.

YINGPRASERT W, MATAN N, CHAOWANA P 8c MATAN N. 2015. Fungal resistance and physico-mechanical properties of cinnamon oiland clove oil-treated rubberwood particleboards. In order to protect rubberwood particleboards against moulds (Aspergillus sp. and Trichothecium sp.) and fungi (Gloeophylum sp. and Trametes sp.), application of essential oil (cinnamon or clove oil) as an antifungal agent was investigated. A solution of each essential oil in ethanol was sprayed onto rubberwood particles during a glue-particle blending process to achieve various concentrations of 0 to 3% (by mass of dried particles) . Chemical compounds of essential oil deposited in the finished board after hot processing were investigated by gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis. Besides mould and decay resistance, physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards were examined. Cinnamaldehyde (1.8 pg gf1) and eugenol (5.2 pg g4) were detected in boards treated with 3% cinnamon oil and clove oil respectively. A complete protection against growth of Aspergillus sp. and Trichothecium sp. on the boards was extended from less than 1 week till 9 weeks at 25 °C and 100% relative humidity. Percentage mass loss caused by Trametes sp. and Gloeophylum sp. was also reduced to 5%. Essential oil treatment reduced equilibrium moisture content and thickness swelling without affecting water absorption and bending properties of particleboards. Internal bond strength of particleboards remained unaffected by addition of cinnamon oil and clove oil up to 1.8%, above which a slight reduction was observed.

https://www.frim.gov.my/v1/JTFSOnline/jtfs/v27n1/069-079.pdf

Pannipa Chaowana

Papers

Bamboo: An Alternative Raw Material for Wood and Wood-Based Composites

Bamboo as a Sustainable Building Material—Culm Characteristics and Properties

Lightweight sandwich panel from oil palm wood core and rubberwood veneer face

Investigation of physical and mechanical properties of oil palm wood core sandwich panels overlaid with a rubberwood veneer face.

Fungal resistance and physico-mechanical properties of cinnamon oil- and clove oil-treated rubberwood particleboards