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Constructions A Construction Grammar Approach To Argument Structure

The structure of the Japanese language

Pretrained language models are now ubiquitous in Natural Language Processing. Despite their success, most available models have either been trained on English data or on the concatenation of data in multiple languages. This makes practical use of such models --in all languages except English-- very limited. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of training monolingual Transformer-based language models for other languages, taking French as an example and evaluating our language models on part-of-speech tagging, dependency parsing, named entity recognition and natural language inference tasks. We show that the use of web crawled data is preferable to the use of Wikipedia data. More surprisingly, we show that a relatively small web crawled dataset (4GB) leads to results that are as good as those obtained using larger datasets (130+GB). Our best performing model CamemBERT reaches or improves the state of the art in all four downstream tasks.

/pdf/camembert-a-tasty-french-language-model-4i6qda93yx.pdf

CamemBERT: a Tasty French Language Model

Functional Grammar describes grammar in functional terms in which a language is interpreted as a system of meanings. The language system consists of three macro-functions known as meta-functional components: the interpersonal function, the ideational function, and the textual function, all of which make a contribution to the structure of a text. The concepts discussed in Functional Grammar aims at giving contribution to the understanding of a text and evaluation of a text, which can be applied for text analysis. Using the concepts in Functional Grammar, English teachers may help the students learn how various grammatical features and grammatical systems are used in written texts so that they can read and write better.

A Functional Grammar

Current views about language are dominated by the idea of arbitrary connections between linguistic form and meaning. However, if we look beyond the more familiar Indo-European languages and also include both spoken and signed language modalities, we find that motivated, iconic form-meaning mappings are, in fact, pervasive in language. In this paper, we review the different types of iconic mappings that characterize languages in both modalities, including the predominantly visually iconic mappings found in signed languages. Having shown that iconic mapping are present across languages, we then proceed to review evidence showing that language users (signers and speakers) exploit iconicity in language processing and language acquisition. While not discounting the presence and importance of arbitrariness in language, we put forward the idea that iconicity need also be recognized as a general property of language, which may serve the function of reducing the gap between linguistic form and conceptual representation to allow the language system to "hook up" to motor, perceptual, and affective experience.

http://www.pernipa.eu/papers/Perniss_etal_2010_FrontPsych.pdf

Iconicity as a general property of language: evidence from spoken and signed languages

Sign linguistics has always had to deal with the notion of iconicity 
because sign languages are much more iconic than vocal languages. 
Formal sign linguists have often tried to explain iconicity apart from 
descriptions of sign language, considering it as contradictory to the 
arbitrariness that must rule language organization as a natural consequence 
of the autonomy and the separateness of language. More recently, 
functional sign linguists have highlighted the presence of 
iconicity as a function of the peculiar visual-gestural modality of sign 
languages. This article provides quantitative information on the incidence of 
iconicity in the lexicon of Italian Sign Language (LIS). It observes 
how the principles of arbitrariness govern the great amount of iconicity 
that occurs in the LIS lexicon. It also tries to interpret both the 
high incidence of iconicity and the necessary presence of arbitrariness 
as responses to a deep need for economy. In order to explain why 
the arbitrary organization of the LIS lexicon does not prevent a high 
incidence of iconicity, I propose a revisited notion of arbitrariness 
based on Saussures original formulation of arbitrariness.

Iconicity and Arbitrariness in Italian Sign Language

Discourse markers and modal particles are fuzzy linguistic categories that are difficult to describe. The contributions in this volume go beyond this statement. They discuss the intersection between modal particles and discourse markers and examine whether or not it is possible to draw a line between these two types of linguistic expressions. On the basis of new synchronic and diachronic data, from speech and writing, from European and Asian languages or cross-linguistically, the authors answer the question whether discourse markers and modal particles are distinct categories, whether they form a cline, or whether modal particles are a subcategory of discourse markers. This common question shows up throughout all chapters, which makes the book to a coherent whole. By disentangling the complexity of categorizing multifunctional expressions, this book also sheds new light on the processes of meaning extension. The traditional discourse and modal functions are complemented by interactional and textual ones. A must read for functional linguists

Discourse markers and modal particles : categorization and description

The main objective of the Rhapsodie project (ANR Rhapsodie 07 Corp-030-01) was to define rich, explicit, and reproducible schemes for the annotation of prosody and syntax in different genres (± spontaneous, ± planned, face-to-face interviews vs. broadcast, etc.), in order to study the prosody/syntax/discourse interface in spoken French, and their roles in the segmentation of speech into discourse units (Lacheret, Kahane, & Pietrandrea forthcoming). We here describe the deliverable, a syntactic and prosodic treebank of spoken French, composed of 57 short samples of spoken French (5 minutes long on average, amounting to 3 hours of speech and 33000 words), orthographically and phonetically transcribed. The transcriptions and the annotations are all aligned on the speech signal: phonemes, syllables, words, speakers, overlaps. This resource is freely available at www.projet-rhapsodie.fr. The sound samples (wav/mp3), the acoustic analysis (original F0 curve manually corrected and automatic stylized F0, pitch format), the orthographic transcriptions (txt), the microsyntactic annotations (tabular format), the macrosyntactic annotations (txt, tabular format), the prosodic annotations (xml, textgrid, tabular format), and the metadata (xml and html) can be freely downloaded under the terms of the Creative Commons licence Attribution - Noncommercial - Share Alike 3.0 France. The metadata are encoded in the IMDI-CMFI format and can be parsed on line.

http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/381_Paper.pdf

Rhapsodie: a Prosodic-Syntactic Treebank for Spoken French

This volume offers an original theoretical and methodological approach to the hotly debated issue of epistemic modality. The analysis is conducted in a rigorous typological frame developed after a careful consideration of a wealth of cross-linguistic data, and focuses on Italian, a language often disregarded in comparative analyses. The complexity of the Italian epistemic system provides relevant information that will undoubtedly foster a better understanding of the topic. A new definition of epistemic modality is proposed on a functional basis and the structure of the Italian epistemic system is closely described. The morpho-syntactic characteristics of Italian epistemic forms are regarded as the result of the dialectic between universal functional pressures and peculiar system resistances. Shaped by the system, epistemic modality emerges as an intrinsically linguistic category, which cannot be downsized to a mere conceptual notion, as other approaches would propose.

Epistemic Modality: Functional properties and the Italian system

This book is the first to explore how much of knowledge based on research on spoken languages needs to be refined in the light of the growing field of sign linguistics Drawing upon a broad cross-linguistic perspective, the contributors focus on topics of general theoretical interest: linearity and arbitrariness principles, definition of units and levels of analysis, expression of grammatical categories, semantic relations, and cohesion mechanisms The book is of interest to language typologists, theoretical and descriptive linguists, scholars in the fields of semiotics, anthropology, gesture studies, and cognitive sciences at large

Paola Pietrandrea

Papers

Iconicity and Arbitrariness in Italian Sign Language

Discourse markers and modal particles : categorization and description

Rhapsodie: a Prosodic-Syntactic Treebank for Spoken French

Epistemic Modality: Functional properties and the Italian system

Verbal and signed languages : comparing structures, constructs and methodologies