Limiting climate warming to <2°C requires increased mitigation efforts, including land stewardship, whose potential in the United States is poorly understood. We quantified the potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)-21 conservation, restoration, and improved land management interventions on natural and agricultural lands-to increase carbon storage and avoid greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. We found a maximum potential of 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) Pg CO2e year-1, the equivalent of 21% of current net annual emissions of the United States. At current carbon market prices (USD 10 per Mg CO2e), 299 Tg CO2e year-1 could be achieved. NCS would also provide air and water filtration, flood control, soil health, wildlife habitat, and climate resilience benefits.

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Natural climate solutions for the United States.

Methane production, oxidation and mitigation: A mechanistic understanding and comprehensive evaluation of influencing factors.

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from conventional and modified rice cultivation systems in South India

Background and aims
Temperate rice paddy fields are generally flooded for less than 100 days a year during the rice cropping season and are kept under dried soil conditions during the fallow season of over 200 days. The impacts of rice paddy soil on the global warming potential (GWP) are generally analysed during rice cultivation, without consideration of the fallow season, using only methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes. To compare the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the flooded rice cultivation and the dried fallow seasons on the annual GWP in a mono-rice cultivation system, the emission fluxes of CH4, N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) were evaluated under two different fertilization systems (NPK and NPK + Cover crop) for two consecutive years.

Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions during cropping and fallow seasons on total global warming potential in mono-rice paddy soils

Suaeda maritima-based herbal coils and green nanoparticles as potential biopesticides against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Ministry of Higher Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700 091, India Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia Department of Physics, Netaji Subhas Open University (Kalyani Campus), Kalyani, India Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35, B. C. Road, Kolkata-700 019, India

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Inter-annual variation of salinity in Indian Sundarbans

Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with a global warming potential 25 times more than CO 2 . Rice fields are one of the main anthropogenic sources for methane and responsible for approximately 15-20% of the annual global methane efflux. Methanogens and methanotrophs are two microbial communities which contribute to the biogeochemical methane cycle in soil by producing and oxidizing methane, respectively. In fact, the total methane emission from rice soil is the balance between methanogen and methanotroph activities. Methanogenic archaea are more active in highly reduced conditions and anoxic soils. However, methanotrophs are more active in oxic soils. These microorganisms have been studied frequently in different soils from natural wetlands to rice fields. This article has mainly focused on the characteristics of methanogens and methanotrophs in a rice soil ecosystem with the objective of deriving solutions the high level of methane emissions from paddy fields.

Characteristics of Methanogens and Methanotrophs in Rice Fields: A Review

Comparison of Methane Emission from Conventional and Modified Paddy Cultivation in Malaysia

Concentrations of zinc, copper and lead were studied during 2011 and 2012 in the stem and leaf of dominant mangrove flora, Avicennia alba inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The level of zinc was highest in the vegetative parts followed by copper and lead in all the selected stations. Significant positive correlations were observed between tissue metals and dissolved heavy metals. The correlation values were significantly negative between tissue metals and biologically available heavy metals in sediment. The selected heavy metals in the present study area originate from municipal and industrial sources.

Avicennia alba: an indicator of heavy metal pollution in Indian Sundarban estuaries

The surface water pH, dissolved heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) and biologically available heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) in the surface sediment were monitored for 30 years in the Hooghly estuary located in the western sector of Indian Sundarbans. The gradual de crease of surface water pH played a significant role in the process of compartmentation of heavy me tals in the estuarine system. It is observed that lowering of pH triggered the process of transferenc e of heavy metals from the sediment to the overlying aqueous system. The correlation coefficie nt values and scatter plots support our findings. Such phenomenon is of considerable importance while developing the management action plan to control heavy metal pollution in the estuarine syst em.

Pardis Fazli

Papers

Inter-annual variation of salinity in Indian Sundarbans

Characteristics of Methanogens and Methanotrophs in Rice Fields: A Review

Comparison of Methane Emission from Conventional and Modified Paddy Cultivation in Malaysia

Avicennia alba: an indicator of heavy metal pollution in Indian Sundarban estuaries

Impact of acidification on heavy metal pollution in hooghly estuary