世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

\"What are your assumptions (implicit as well as explicit) about the most effective way to manage people?\" So began Douglas McGregor in this 1960 management classic. It was a seemingly simple question he asked, yet it led to a fundamental revolution in management. Today, with the rise of the global economy, the information revolution, and the growth of knowledge-driven work, McGregor's simple but provocative question continues to resonate-perhaps more powerfully than ever before. Heralded as one of the most important pieces of management literature ever written, a touchstone for scholars and a handbook for practitioners, The Human Side of Enterprise continues to receive the highest accolades nearly half a century after its initial publication. Influencing such major management gurus such as Peter Drucker and Warren Bennis, McGregor's revolutionary Theory Y-which contends that individuals are self-motivated and self-directed-and Theory X-in which employees must be commanded and controlled-has been widely taught in business schools, industrial relations schools, psychology departments, and professional development seminars for over four decades. In this special annotated edition of the worldwide management classic, Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Senior Research Scientist in MIT's Sloan School of Management and Engineering Systems Division, shows us how today's leaders have successfully incorporated McGregor's methods into modern management styles and practices. The added quotes and commentary bring the content right into today's debates and business models. Now more than ever, the timeless wisdom of Douglas McGregor can light the path towards a management style that nurtures leadership capability, creates effective teams, ensures internal alignment, achieves high performance, and cultivates an authentic, value-driven workplace--lessons we all need to learn as we make our way in this brave new world of the 21st century.

The Human Side of Enterprise.

The author describes the development of demography in Hungary from 1928 to the present with a focus on the contribution of Hungarian demographers to the activities of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP). This paper is part of an IUSSP project that deals with the history of the Union and involves the preparation of papers on such activities in several countries. (summary in ENG RUS) (ANNOTATION)

Contribution of Hungarian demographic science and Hungarian demographers to the work of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population

https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/21459/2/FullText.pdf

Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China

This article reviews what has been learned to date about the role of gender-based power in sexual relationships in determining sexual and reproductive health outcomes. A framework for assessing the relationship between power relations and reproductive health is outlined and measurement issues are critically discussed. A summary is included of the main types of intervention approaches that have been implemented, as are a discussion of the programmatic, methodological, and ethical implications of the findings and recommendations for further experimentation and research. Although many challenges remain, results to date suggest that when the role of gender-based power is made an integral feature of sexual and reproductive health programs, there is a considerable payoff for both women and men.

The Effect of Power in Sexual Relationships on Sexual and Reproductive Health: An Examination of the Evidence

The Navrongo experiment, a family planning and health project in northern Ghana, has demonstrated that an appropriately designed, community-based family planning program can produce a change in contraceptive practice that had been considered unattainable in such a setting. Simultaneously, however, evidence suggests that newly introduced family planning services and contraceptive availability can activate tension in gender relations. In this society, where payment ofbridewealth signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, there are deeply ingrained expectations about women's reproductive obligations. Physical abuse and reprisals from the extended family pose substantial threats to women; men are anxious that women who practice contraception might be unfaithful. Data from focus-group discussions with men and women are examined in this report and highlight the strains on gender relations resulting from contraceptive use. The measures taken to address this problem and methods of minimizing the risk of adverse social consequences are discussed.

/pdf/women-s-fears-and-men-s-anxieties-the-impact-of-family-ztp3r9nmsi.pdf

Women's fears and men's anxieties: The impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana

Motivation and job satisfaction have been identified as key factors for health worker retention and turnover in low- and middle-income countries. District health managers in decentralized health systems usually have a broadened ‘decision space’ that enables them to positively influence health worker motivation and job satisfaction, which in turn impacts on retention and performance at district-level. The study explored the effects of motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention and how motivation and satisfaction can be improved by district health managers in order to increase retention of health workers. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in three districts of the Eastern Region in Ghana and interviewed 256 health workers from several staff categories (doctors, nursing professionals, allied health workers and pharmacists) on their intentions to leave their current health facilities as well as their perceptions on various aspects of motivation and job satisfaction. The effects of motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention were explored through logistic regression analysis. Overall, 69% of the respondents reported to have turnover intentions. Motivation (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.92) and job satisfaction (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.96) were significantly associated with turnover intention and higher levels of both reduced the risk of health workers having this intention. The dimensions of motivation and job satisfaction significantly associated with turnover intention included career development (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.86), workload (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.99), management (OR = 0.51. 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.84), organizational commitment (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.66), and burnout (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.91). Our findings indicate that effective human resource management practices at district level influence health worker motivation and job satisfaction, thereby reducing the likelihood for turnover. Therefore, it is worth strengthening human resource management skills at district level and supporting district health managers to implement retention strategies.

/pdf/the-effects-of-health-worker-motivation-and-job-satisfaction-1d9aqym297.pdf

The effects of health worker motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention in Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Summary Equity in health care is often defined in terms of access to health services. Yet, in the literature and in policy, the extent to which the concept of access has been taken beyond the realms of principle is limited. This chapter explores the multifaceted concept of access to health services and indicates how it can be operationalized to address health system inequities. Access is interpreted as the freedom to use health services. Whilst health policy efforts to improve equity in access to services have been guided by a focus on the health system, we propose that household or individual aspects of access deserve more attention than they have received to date. The quality of interaction between an individual and the health system's attributes in terms of delivery and financing lies at the core of access. It is argued that, with a view to health policy, these interactions can be meaningfully and comprehensively presented in three dimensions: availability, affordability and acceptability. Each of these captures distinct interactions between the health system and individuals. There is a set of factors that describes each dimension and that can be represented by a set of clearly defined and measurable variables. Within and across the access dimensions, information is an important determinant of the quality of health system and individual interaction. This approach makes it possible to measure and to map access. Using a Ghanaian case study, this chapter illustrates the health policy relevance of this conceptual approach.

Exploring the dimensions of access.

The Informed Consent Process in a Rural African Setting

A PUBLICATION OF THE HASTINGS CENTER International regulations and guidelines for human subjects research emphasize that investigators must obtain voluntary informed consent from each research participant. Many research ethics committees require written informed consent and the use of a consent form, which describes the purpose and procedures of the study and its potential risks and benefits of participation; explains that participation is voluntary and that subjects can withdraw at any time; and provides information about maintaining subject privacy and confidentiality of research data. Consent forms and other information provided to participants should be in a language understandable to the participant or to the parent or guardian if the participant is a child.2 Yet an individual-based consent model and the use of written consent documents may be problematic in countries where norms of decision-making do not emphasize individual autonomy and where there are nonliterate populations. Thus, several guidelines and reports on research ethics endorse the use of community approval and verbal consent for research in countries where cultural values and practices emphasize oral rather than written agree-

Patricia Akweongo

Papers

Women's fears and men's anxieties: The impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana

The effects of health worker motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention in Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Exploring the dimensions of access.

The Informed Consent Process in a Rural African Setting

The informed consent process in a rural African setting: a case study of the Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana.