Objective:To update and expand the 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the ICU.Design:Thirty-two international experts, four methodologists, and four critical illness survivors met virtually at least monthly. All section groups g

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Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU

Background The Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure trial tested the hypothesis that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) would...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa051001

Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure.

Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) is a novel method of ventilatory support designed for Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) in heart failure. The aim of our study was to compare the effect of one night of ASV on sleep and breathing with the effect of other treatments. Fourteen subjects with stable cardiac failure and receiving optimal medical treatment were tested untreated and on four treatment nights in random order: nasal oxygen (2 L/min), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (mean 9.25 cm H(2)O), bilevel (mean 13.5/5.2 cm H(2)O), or ASV largely at the default settings (mean pressure 7 to 9 cm H(2)O) during polysomnography. Thermistor apnea + hypopnea index (AHI) declined from 44.5 +/- 3.4/h (SEM) untreated to 28.2 +/- 3.4/h oxygen and 26.8 +/- 4.6/h CPAP (both p < 0.001 versus control), 14.8 +/- 2.3/h bilevel, and 6.3 +/- 0.9/h ASV (p < 0.001 versus bilevel). Effort band AHI behaved similarly. Arousal index decreased from 65.1 +/- 3.9/h untreated to 29.8 +/- 2.8/h oxygen and 29.9 +/- 3.2/h CPAP, to 16.0 +/- 1.3/h bilevel and 14.7 +/- 1.8/h ASV (p < 0.01 versus all except bilevel). There were large increases in slow-wave and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep with ASV but not with oxygen or CPAP. All subjects preferred ASV to CPAP. One night ASV suppresses central sleep apnea and/or CSR (CSA/CSR) in heart failure and improves sleep quality better than CPAP or 2 L/min oxygen.

https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.9908114

Adaptive pressure support servo-ventilation: a novel treatment for Cheyne-Stokes respiration in heart failure

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common medical condition that occurs in approximately 5% to 15% of the population. The pathophysiology of OSA is characterized by repetitive occlusions of the posterior pharynx during sleep that obstruct the airway, followed by oxyhemoglobin desaturation, persistent inspiratory efforts against the occluded airway, and termination by arousal from sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with daytime sleepiness and fatigue, likely due to fragmented sleep from recurrent arousals. Substantial evidence shows that patients with OSA have an increased incidence of hypertension compared with individuals without OSA and that OSA is a risk factor for the development of hypertension. Recent studies show that OSA may be implicated in stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Obstructive sleep apnea appears to be associated with coronary heart disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. Pulmonary hypertension may be associated with OSA, especially in patients with preexisting pulmonary disease. Although the exact cause that links OSA with cardiovascular disease is unknown, there is evidence that OSA is associated with a group of proinflammatory and prothrombotic factors that have been identified to be important in the development of atherosclerosis. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased daytime and nocturnal sympathetic activity. Autonomic abnormalities seen in patients with OSA include increased resting heart rate, decreased R-R interval variability, and increased blood pressure variability. Both atherosclerosis and OSA are associated with endothelial dysfunction, increased C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor, and reduced fibrinolytic activity. Obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with enhanced platelet activity and aggregation. Leukocyte adhesion and accumulation on endothelial cells are common in both OSA and atherosclerosis. Clinicians should be aware that OSA may be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease

Central Sleep Apnea: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Nasal CPAP Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Anecdotal reports suggest that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients may suffer from frequent nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and that nasal continuous positive airway pressure may be an effective form of antireflux therapy in this population. To confirm these clinical impressions, we perfirmed two consecutive days of 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, nocturnal esophageal pressure recording, and polysomnography on six OSAS patients complaining of regular nocturnal GER. On night one, the patients were untreated. Five of six subjects had abnormal amounts of nocturnal GER. Arousal, movement and swallowing were more frequent (p<O.043) and nadir intratboracic pressure lower (p<O.005) in the 30 s prior to precipitous drops in esophageal pH (�2 pH units) than

Nasal CPAP Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) in severe stable congestive heart failure (CHF) may be associated with significant nocturnal arterial oxygen desaturation and sleep disruption. Previous investigations of inhaled CO2 in CSR have been uncontrolled and of short duration, sleep has not been monitored electroencephalographically, and most patients studied have had neurological disease with or without cardiac disease. The purpose of our study was to document the effects of inhaled CO2 on CSR in patients with severe stable CHF (left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% and NYHA class 3 or 4 dyspnea) in controlled all-night polysomnographic studies. Six patients were studied for 3 nights and days: adaptation, control and inhalation of CO2. These patients received a constant F1CO2 = 0.03 in air (with a 4-5 mm Hg increase in PaCO2) on night 3. This caused virtual abolition of CSR as reflected by CSR duration/total sleep time (62-2.2%; p = 0.0012) and CSR duration/nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time (73-2.4%; p = 0.00064), and NREM apnea index was reduced from 33.5 to zero (p = 0.026). The apparatus used to accurately control F1CO2, however, was intrusive and some features of sleep structure such as sleep latency were adversely affected. We conclude that inhalation of CO2 with a constant F1CO2 = 0.03 virtually eradicates CSR in all-night polysomnographically monitored studies in patients with severe stable CHF. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be determined.

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Effect of Inhaled 3% CO2 on Cheyne-Stokes Respiration in Congestive Heart Failure

The effect of short-term nasal CPAP on Cheyne-Stokes respiration in congestive heart failure.

The importance of nasal airflow resistance in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) remains contentious. We performed formal nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) on OSAS patients under conditions of baseline and reduced nasal resistance to answer two main questions. First, to what degree does baseline nasal airflow resistance influence upper airway collapse in OSAS patients? Second, in what proportion of the OSAS population is baseline nasal resistance contributing to the pathogenesis of upper airway collapse? Our study group consisted of 10 patients with a wide range of OSAS severity. Six of these patients had symptoms and clinical evidence of chronic nasal obstruction which, in some, was associated with markedly elevated nasal resistance. A placebo (normal saline) was instilled in the nose of each patient on the night of baseline data collection. On the treatment night of the study, nasal resistance was reduced by application of topical vasoconstrictor and insertion of vestibular stents designed to dilate the area of the nasal valve. Posterior rhinomanometry was used to measure resistance to nasal airflow immediately before and after each PSG study. Although treatment was associated with a subjective improvement in sleep quality and mean drop in nasal resistance of 73% (P less than 0.001), there was no significant improvement in sleep architecture, nocturnal oxygenation, or the amount of apnea experienced by patients. The most significant improvement was a reduced number of arousals/hour from 52.4 +/- 12.4 on placebo to 43.7 +/- 10.2 on treatment (P less than 0.04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Patricia Buckle

Papers

Nasal CPAP Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Nasal CPAP Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Effect of Inhaled 3% CO2 on Cheyne-Stokes Respiration in Congestive Heart Failure

The effect of short-term nasal CPAP on Cheyne-Stokes respiration in congestive heart failure.

The importance of nasal resistance in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.