THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Color as a Science

Downstream processing of microalgae for pigments, protein and carbohydrate in industrial application: A review

TiO2-based nanocoatings for preserving architectural stone surfaces: An overview

Numerous superhydrophobic materials have been developed in recent years by using a combination of two strategies: reducing the surface free energy and roughening the surface. Most of these procedures have the serious drawback of involving tedious multistage processes, which prevent their large-scale application, such as on the external stone and similar material surfaces of buildings exposed to the weather. This paper describes an innovative synthesis route for producing superhydrophobic surface coatings. The coating can even be produced, outdoors, on the building by a low-cost process. We demonstrate that the addition of silica nanoparticles to a mixture of organic and inorganic silica oligomers in the presence of a surfactant produces a coating of closely packed particles. The effect of this is to trap air beneath the water droplets, thus significantly minimizing the contact area between droplet and surface. The organic component reduces the surface free energy of the material, resulting in a high stati...

Simple Strategy for Producing Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite Coatings In Situ on a Building Substrate

We have tested the practical application of color measurements in the study of organic matter properties (C and N content, C/N ratios, degree of peat humification-DPH) of a 335 cm long peat core sampled at Tremoal do Pedrido bog. Usual and unusual CIELAB color parameters were measured on samples that were sectioned at high resolution (slices of 1 cm in thickness). The objective of the study is twofold: (i) describe a rapid, cost-effective and non-destructive method of assessing peat properties without the need of extractions and chemical methods and (ii) contribute to further research on applied colorimetry using the well-known CIELAB coordinates: L∗, a∗, b∗, C∗ab and hab ('usual CIELAB color parameters') and the less well-known CIELAB parameters: [a∗ x b∗], [a∗/b∗], [(a∗/b∗) x 1000], [1000 x a∗/(L∗+ b∗)], [2000 x a∗/(L∗ x b∗)] and RLab= [a∗(a∗2+b∗2)1/2 1010]/(b∗ x L∗6) ('unusual CIELAB color parameters'). Our findings show that L∗ and hab coordinates as well as [(a∗/b∗) x 1000], [2000 x a∗/(L∗ x b∗)] and RLab parameters give the best bivariate Spearman's correlations. Linear regression equations were calculated to predict peat properties from all CIELAB parameters under study and a notable fit (R2: 0.65-0.79) was obtained. The evaluation presented here indicates that the determination of usual and unusual CIELAB parameters offers potential for the study of peat organic matter properties and encourages the routine application of this methodology on other peat cores and organic soils.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/605/1/012014/pdf

Usual and unusual CIELAB color parameters for the study of peat organic matter properties: Tremoal do Pedrido bog (NW Spain)

Some microorganisms can be used as bioremediation agents, in biocleaning treatments, to remove undesired sulphates, nitrates and organic matter from cultural heritage surfaces. Graffiti materials (mainly spray paints) are now included in the list of materials that can be biocleaned, with studies on this topic being initiated just over 5 years ago. Research on the bioremoval of graffiti is continuing and on a promising track. This chapter reports a critical analysis of studies of the bioremoval of graffiti carried out in recent years, which are compared with similar studies of the removal of salts (mainly nitrates and sulphates) and organic matter conducted in the last thirty years. Likewise, the present challenges and ways of overcoming them are addressed towards developing a complete protocol for the use of bioremediation to remove graffiti, with particular emphasis on the use of the method for cleaning facades and buildings.

/pdf/bioremoval-of-graffiti-in-the-context-of-current-biocleaning-2ucz6w2mlq.pdf

Bioremoval of Graffiti in the Context of Current Biocleaning Research

There is currently an increasing trend in urban centres towards the use of public outdoor lighting systems to illuminate historic and architecturally important buildings during evening hours, but for which there is no specific regulatory framework. Considering that the light is a key factor involved in regulating growth and physiological processes in photosynthetic organisms, it seems appropriate to address the effects that artificial light has on the organisms growing on the facades affected by public lighting. In this sense, despite scientific research in the fields of biological colonization of buildings surfaces and light technology has advanced greatly in recent years, the combination of both disciplines aimed at the correct handling of city public lighting remains uncharted territory with huge potential to provide innovative solutions for smart cities. Recent studies have examined how urban monuments are affected by night-time outdoor illumination in combination with natural sunlight and demonstrated that the use of suitable lighting can inhibit the development of biological colonization. In this frame, this chapter will look at ways of contribute to the long-term management of public illumination on monuments and other structures, while reducing negative impacts caused by night lighting.

/pdf/new-perspectives-against-biodeterioration-through-public-1duo9bvpwm.pdf

New Perspectives Against Biodeterioration Through Public Lighting

Combined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme® was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, Origanum vulgare L., Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite.

Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

This study evaluated the self-cleaning ability and durability of Si-based consolidants (an ethyl silicate consolidant and a consolidant based on nanosized silica) spiked with nanocrystalline TiO2 activated by either UV-A radiation (spectral region between 340 and 400 nm, and main peak at 365 nm) or UV-B radiation (spectral region between 270 and 420 nm, and main peak at 310 nm). Granite samples were coated with consolidant, to which nanocrystalline TiO2 was added at different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 3%, by wt.). Diesel soot was then applied to the coated surfaces, and the samples were exposed to UV-A or UV-B radiation for 1650 h. The surface color changes, relative to the color of untreated granite, were determined every 330 h by color spectrophotometry. Slight color changes indicated a recovery of the reference color due to the degradation of the soot. The final surfaces of both the untreated and treated surfaces were compared by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were that: (1) In general, the consolidant containing nanosized silica induced the most intense photocatalytic activity. In the more compact xerogel coating formed by the nanosized silica, more TiO2 nanoparticles were available to interact with the radiation. (2) For all consolidant mixtures, soot degradation remained constant or decreased over time, except with ethyl silicate with 0.5 wt % TiO2 (no self-cleaning capacity). (3) Soot degradation increased with the concentration of TiO2. (4) The UV-B radiation was the most effective in terms of soot degradation, except for the surface coated with the ethyl silicate and 3% wt. TiO2.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/11/2577/pdf

Moving toward Smart Cities: Evaluation of the Self-Cleaning Properties of Si-Based Consolidants Containing Nanocrystalline TiO2 Activated by Either UV-A or UV-B Radiation

Patricia Sanmartín

Papers

Usual and unusual CIELAB color parameters for the study of peat organic matter properties: Tremoal do Pedrido bog (NW Spain)

Bioremoval of Graffiti in the Context of Current Biocleaning Research

New Perspectives Against Biodeterioration Through Public Lighting

Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

Moving toward Smart Cities: Evaluation of the Self-Cleaning Properties of Si-Based Consolidants Containing Nanocrystalline TiO2 Activated by Either UV-A or UV-B Radiation