Although various single-concentration measurements of pharmaceuticals are available in the literature, detailed information on the variation over time of the concentration and the load in wastewater effluents and rivers and on the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment are lacking. We measured the concentrations of six pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen, in the effluents of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), in two rivers and in the water column of Lake Greifensee (Switzerland) over a time period of three months. In WWTP effluents, the concentrations reached 0.95 μg/L for carbamazepine, 0.06 μg/L for clofibric acid, 0.99 μg/L for diclofenac, 1.3 μg/L for ibuprofen, 0.18 μg/L for ketoprofen, and 2.6 μg/L for naproxen. The relative importance in terms of loads was carbamazepine, followed by diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, clofibric acid, and ketoprofen. An overall removal rate of all these pharmaceuticals was estimated in surf...

Occurrence and Fate of Carbamazepine, Clofibric Acid, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, and Naproxen in Surface Waters

http://departments.agri.huji.ac.il/soils/chefetz/pubfile-400.pdf

Sorption and mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soil irrigated with reclaimed wastewater.

Uptake of carbamazepine by cucumber plants--a case study related to irrigation with reclaimed wastewater.

Separation methods for estimating octanol-water partition coefficients.

An ecotoxicological test battery based on a mode-of-action approach was designed and applied to the hazard identification and classification of modes of action of six pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine...

In Vitro Assessment of Modes of Toxic Action of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Life

1-Octanol−water log P values for a large number of standards and bioactive molecules have been correlated to the logarithm of the corresponding capacity factors determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, using a novel dynamically coated phase, containing phosphatidylcholine. Similarly a correlation was also obtained for log P and capacity factors determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC), involving the use of phosphatidylcholine−bile acid mixed micelles in the separation buffer. Statistical analysis of data obtained via both methods has shown that either method will give reliable log P predictions, although MECC is generally more useful for neutral and basic compounds. It is recommended that, as both methods can easily be set up in an analytical laboratory, their combined use provides rapid methodology for the confident estimation of hydrophobicity, as measured by log P for the widest diversity of chemical structures.

Estimation of the Partitioning Characteristics of Drugs: A Comparison of a Large and Diverse Drug Series Utilizing Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methodology

Patrick Camilleri

Papers

Estimation of the Partitioning Characteristics of Drugs: A Comparison of a Large and Diverse Drug Series Utilizing Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methodology