https://escholarship.org/content/qt25s9043d/qt25s9043d.pdf?t=qdfa0r

Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis.

Policing a Free Society.

http://brown.uk.com/teaching/police/watson.pdf

Improving police response to persons with mental illness: a multi-level conceptualization of CIT.

Whenever police officers come into contact with citizens there is a chance that the encounter will digress to one in which force is used on a suspect. Fortunately, most police activities do not involve the use of force. But those that do reflect important patterns of interaction between the officer and the citizen. This book examines those patterns. It begins with a brief survey of prior research, and then goes on to present data and findings. Among the data are the force factor applied - that is, the level of force used relative to suspect resistance - and data on the sequential order of incidents of force. The authors also examine police use of force from the suspect's perspective. In analyzing this data they put forward a conceptual framework, the Authority Maintenance Theory, for examining and assessing police use of force.

/pdf/understanding-police-use-of-force-officers-suspects-and-45bv4pkufh.pdf

Understanding Police Use of Force: Officers, Suspects, and Reciprocity

The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) program was first developed to reduce violence in encounters between the police and people with mental illness as well as provide improved access to mental health services. Although there is overwhelming popular support for this intervention, scant empirical evidence of its effectiveness is available—particularly whether the program can reduce the use of force. This investigation seeks to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the factors that influence use of force in encounters involving people with mental illness and evaluating whether CIT can reduce the likelihood of its use.

Crisis Intervention Teams and People With Mental Illness: Exploring the Factors That Influence the Use of Force

Police use of force: examining the relationship between calls for service and the balance of police force and suspect resistance

A limited amount of research has examined the relationship between characteristics of police organizations and policing styles. In particular, few studies have examined the link between organizational structures and police officer arrest decisions. Wilson’s (1968) pioneering case study of police organizations suggested that individual police behavior is a function of departmental goals that occur within the broader political climate of a community. Wilson suggested that agencies could be classified into three typologies: the watchman style, the legalistic style, and the service style. The present study examines the influence of organizational characteristics associated with these styles on individual officers’ arrest rates using nationally representative data from large police agencies. Findings suggest that police officer arrest decisions are partially explained by variations in police organizational structures. The implications of these findings for contemporary organizational explanations of police beh...

/pdf/the-organizational-determinants-of-police-arrest-decisions-1dogadrm5w.pdf

Patrick W. Manz

Papers

Police use of force: examining the relationship between calls for service and the balance of police force and suspect resistance

The Organizational Determinants of Police Arrest Decisions