Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an array of ecosystems and organizational hierarchies, from the species to the community levels. Despite continued uncertainty as to community and ecosystem trajectories under global change, our review exposes a coherent pattern of ecological change across systems. Although we are only at an early stage in the projected trends of global warming, ecological responses to recent climate change are already clearly visible.

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Ecological responses to recent climate change.

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local experiments, long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity fourfold and decreased variability by 21%, on average. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean's capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that at this point, these trends are still reversible.

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Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services.

The collaboration that forms the basis of the UK edible crab (Cancer pagurus) case study builds on a relationship between scientists and fishermen that was first established in 1996. The emphasis of the case study has been to develop awareness among fishermen of the need to be more involved in the management of the resource on which their livelihoods depend. To engage fishermen in management, we have worked together towards the development of an Individual-Based Model (IBM) of the south Devon crab fishery. The model replicates the dynamics of the fishery with crabs of varying size classes migrating into the exploited area and being removed from the area either as catch, natural mortality or emigration. The interplay between these factors can eventually be used to determine the level of fishing effort the fishery will sustain, once a good stock–recruit function is available. The ultimate aim is to enable fishermen to collect their own catch data and to use it together with the model to estimate a sustainable exploitation rate. This chapter describes how fishermen and scientists have worked in partnership during the case study. Initially, fishermen of the South Devon and Channel Shellfishermen’s Association (SDCSA) were encouraged to participate by the Secretary of their association. Whilst the crabbers were initially passive, a core group became actively involved over the course of the project. Successes and shortfalls of the collaborative process are discussed along with key factors required to engage fishermen and scientists in the successful development of a bottom-up management approach.

Fishermen and Scientists in the Same Boat. A Story of Collaboration in the UK South Devon Crab Fishery

A stochastic dynamic programming model is developed of prey choice by three-spined stickleback. The fitness function relates growth rate k from the von Bertalanffy growth equation to stomach fullness. It is shown that the model predicts experimental results. Emphasis is given to handling time as an important variable determining diet. Two handling time vectors are defined, each of which is used to represent the benthic and limnetic morphs found in Paxton Lake, Texada Island, BC, Canada. The model is then used to examine the growth rates to be expected from these two morphs in habitats which vary in the distribution of encounter probabilities with each prey size and the distribution of prey size specific risk of predation. The benthic morph grows faster than the limnetic in most habitats but often the two do as well as each other. In the one habitat where limnetics grow better, they do so because their shorter handling times for small prey counteract the effect of a constant but high risk of predation. The results are discussed in the context of what is known of the ecology and evolution of the two morphs in Paxton Lake. It is concluded that the model is only dealing with conditions in the benthic habitat and data are required on encounter rates and prey size distributions in the linnetic habitat so that the model can be used to predict growth for limnetics.

Theoretical reflections on the growth of three‐spined stickleback morphs from island lakes

Choosing the Best Model for Fisheries Assessment

Mental health and fisheries—An understudied topic of global relevance

This Special Issue of AJEE is an assemblage of creative starting points for postqualitative inquiry. Mazzei (2021), after St. Pierre (2011), has described postqualitative inquiry in terms of direct groundings in theoretical/philosophical literature. The purpose of theory is to help us better understand our world as well as to lead us to informed action (Brookfield, 2005). ‘ Postqualitative ’ can be distilled by the phrase ‘ thinking with theory ’ (Jackson & Mazzei, 2012, 2018) to encounter different ways that theory-based concepts can produce thought that happens ‘ in the middle of things ’ . Inquiries are shaped in working concepts together within problems. Concepts help us to disentangle how we have come to think and see in certain ways, making it possible to see differently (Hart, 2014). Directly implicated are extant empirical and ethical applications of theory directly within philosophical positions, often associated with new materialist and posthumanist thinking. Such shiftings in theory/praxis are increasingly recognised within impending concerns about the value of a qualitative inquiry, complicated by bioethical and bio-political issues of the Anthropocene and beyond. The turn researchers Hargraves describes explore how we might reconceptualise inquiry where researchers and participants become entangled as living assemblages in ways that disrupt and deterritorialise and that move beyond linguistic poststructuralist discursive toward the material experience. ‘ not practice; practice. ,

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Paul J. B. Hart

Papers

Fishermen and Scientists in the Same Boat. A Story of Collaboration in the UK South Devon Crab Fishery

Theoretical reflections on the growth of three‐spined stickleback morphs from island lakes

Choosing the Best Model for Fisheries Assessment

Mental health and fisheries—An understudied topic of global relevance

Special Issue: Postqualitative inquiry: Theory and practice in environmental education