Norms have never been absent from the study of international politics, but the sweeping “ideational turn” in the 1980s and 1990s brought them back as a central theoretical concern in the field. Much theorizing about norms has focused on how they create social structure, standards of appropriateness, and stability in international politics. Recent empirical research on norms, in contrast, has examined their role in creating political change, but change processes have been less well-theorized. We induce from this research a variety of theoretical arguments and testable hypotheses about the role of norms in political change. We argue that norms evolve in a three-stage “life cycle” of emergence, “norm cascades,” and internalization, and that each stage is governed by different motives, mechanisms, and behavioral logics. We also highlight the rational and strategic nature of many social construction processes and argue that theoretical progress will only be made by placing attention on the connections between norms and rationality rather than by opposing the two.

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International Norm Dynamics and Political Change

1 All about Oil 2 How America's Power Grew 3 Capital Bondage 4 Accumulation by Dispossession 5 Consent to Coercion AFTERWORD Further Reading Bibliography Notes Index

The New Imperialism

Among countries colonized by European powers during the past 500 years, those that were relatively rich in 1500 are now relatively poor. We document this reversal using data on urbanization patterns and population density, which, we argue, proxy for economic prosperity. This reversal weighs against a view that links economic development to geographic factors. Instead, we argue that the reversal ree ects changes in the institutions resulting from European colonialism. The European intervention appears to have created an “ institutional reversal” among these societies, meaning that Europeans were more likely to introduce institutions encouraging investment in regions that were previously poor. This institutional reversal accounts for the reversal in relative incomes. We provide further support for this view by documenting that the reversal in relative incomes took place during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and resulted from societies with good institutions taking advantage of the opportunity to industrialize.

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Reversal of fortune: geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution*

This article offers a review of the major literature about attitudes to science and its implications over the past 20 years. It argues that the continuing decline in numbers choosing to study science at the point of choice requires a research focus on students’ attitudes to science if the nature of the problem is to be understood and remediated. Starting from a consideration of what is meant by attitudes to science, it considers the problems inherent to their measurement, what is known about students’ attitudes towards science and the many factors of influence such as gender, teachers, curricula, cultural and other variables. The literature itself points to the crucial importance of gender and the quality of teaching. Given the importance of the latter we argue that there is a greater need for research to identify those aspects of science teaching that make school science engaging for pupils. In particular, a growing body of research on motivation offers important pointers to the kind of classroom environment and activities that might raise pupils’ interest in studying school science and a focus for future research.

Attitudes towards science: A review of the literature and its implications

A collection of seven essays that serves as an introductory text on complexity theory and computer modelling in the social sciences, and as an overview of the current state of the art in this field. The articles move beyond the basic paradigm of the "Prisoner's Dilemma" to study a rich set of issues, including how to cope with errors in perception or implementation, how norms emerge, and how political actors and regions of shared culture can develop. They use the shared methodology of agent-based modelling, a technique that specifies the rules of interaction between individuals and uses computer simulation to discover emergent properties of the social system.

The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration

Paul Kennedy's international bestseller is a sweeping account of five hundred years of fluctuating economic muscle and military might among the great powers of the world. Kennedy begins with Europe's dramatic return to the forefront of world domination at the expense of China and the Muslim world and brings us up to modern times, with both on the brink of remarkable recovery. Along the way he explores world wars and civil wars, destructive ideologies, the paranoia of superpowers and the inherent problems of a united Europe. He persuasively demonstrates the interdependence of economic and military power, showing how imbalance between the two has historically led to spectacular political disaster. Erudite and brilliantly original, 'The Rise and Fall of Great Powers' is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the politics of power.

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

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The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers

Following on from his book The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, the author looks at the different ways in which society prepares itself for the arrival of the 21st century. Digesting and synthesizing developments in population growth, environmental change, biotechnology, robotics, communications technology and global financial markets, this book looks at the possible future for the developed world.

Contents:
Part One: General Trends
1.	Prologue: Old challenges and new challenges
2.	The demographic explosion
3.	The communications and financial revolution and the rise of the multinational corporation
4.	World agriculture and the biotechnology revolution
5.	Robotics, automation, and a new industrial revolution
6.	The dangers to our natural environment
7.	The future of the nation-state

Part Two: Regional Impacts
8.	Janapese “plan” for a post-2000 world
9.	India and China
10.	Winners and losers in the developing world
11.	The Erstwhile USSR and Its crumbled empire
12.	Europe and the future
13.	The American dilemma

Part Three: Conclusion
14.	Preparing for the twenty-first century

Appendix: Human Development Index

Preparing for the Twenty-First Century

First published in 1976, this book is the first detailed examination of the history of British sea power since A T Mahan's classic "The Influence of Sea Power on History", published in 1890. In analysing the reasons for the rise and fall of Great Britain as a predominant maritime nation in the period from the Tudors to the present day, Professor Kennedy sets the Royal Navy within a framework of national, international, economic, political and strategical considerations. A new introduction has been added on the implications of the Falklands war, not only for the future of the British Navy, but also for the defence policies of the government of the day.

The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery

Since its first publication in 1980, Professor Kennedy's masterly account of the rivalry between Great Britain and Germany in the period leading to the First World War has established itself as the definitive work on the subject. Over ten years of research in more than sixty archives in Britain and Germany culminated in this full-scale, meticulous analysis. The result reaches far beyond a diplomatic narrative of relations between the two countries. It concerns itself with a thorough comparison of the two societies, their political cultures, economies, party politics, courts, the role of the press and pressure groups, and other factors. This work therefore contributes to the larger debate on the nature of foreign policy, as well as to the specific controversies over the British-German antagonisms that eventually led to war.

Paul Kennedy

Papers

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers

Preparing for the Twenty-First Century

The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery

The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914