Reported cases of racially charged occurrences continue on college campuses. With "Blackface" party incidents and "noose" hangings making news at numerous universities all over the country, African American students at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) may face challenges beyond the academic scope of tests, papers, and projects (Costello, 2010; Strausbaugh, 2006; Teaching Tolerance, 2002; Van Kerckhove, 2007; Wade, 2011). Facing and coping with racism has been identified as a risk factor and an impediment of achievement for African American students at PWIs (Feagin, Hernan, & Imani, 1996).Graduation rates of college students are the most tangible measures of student outcomes and success. By this measure, African American male college students are considered one of the most at risk students on campus, having the lowest graduation rates of any other demographic group (The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2012). Similarly, as a faction of this group, African American male student-athletes' graduation rates are also of concern (Lapchick, 2010). In a recent longitudinal study of 76 universities in major Division I-A athletic conferences, only 50.2% of African American male student-athletes graduated within six years and 55.5% of African American men overall; this is in comparison to 66.9% of all student-athletes, 72.8% of undergraduate students overall (Harper, Williams, & Blackmon, 2013).Less than 4% of students at Division I universities are African American, while 61% of men's basketball players and 46% of football players are African American (Harper, Williams, & Blackmon, 2013; Lapchick, 2010). These statistics suggest that further study of African American male student-athletes is important because they comprise a substantial proportion of African American students on many college campuses. This study adds to the current body of literature by presenting a glimpse into experiences and possible risk factors of one of the most at-risk student groups on Division I campuses.Purpose of the StudyAfrican American male student-athletes have a unique experience on predominantly White college campuses (Anderson, 1996; Beamon, 2008). In addition to the isolation that many student-athletes often experience, African American male student-athletes must also contend with negative racial, gender, and athletic stereotypes. Due to the overrepresentation of African American males participating in collegiate and professional sports, it may appear that the athletic world is free from racial discrimination. However, racism and exploitation exist in several areas of college and professional sports. Examples are found in the lack of effort given to improve the educational success of African American student-athletes in comparison to their White counterparts, stacking African American athletes at skilled positions as opposed to thinking positions, the absence of African Americans in decision-making and leadership positions at universities and in professional leagues, labor exploitation, and even in the salaries and endorsement opportunities of professional athletes (Edwards, 2000; Eitzen, 2000; Hall, 2001; Hoberman, 1997; Kahn 1991). Student-athletes of color are said to face specific difficulties such as social and academic integration and racism (Person, Benson-Quaziena, & Rogers, 2001 ; Person & LeNoir, 1997).Scholarship exploring the experience of African Americans on predominantly white campuses has been presented by several researchers (Davis, 1995; Feagin & Sikes, 1995; Marcus et al., 2003; Smith, 2007; Thompson et al., 1990). However, this study fills a gap in the literature by acknowledging the uniqueness of high-profile African American male studentathletes' experiences. For the purposes of this study, high-profile is conceptualized as Division I athletes in revenue-generating sports such as men's basketball and football. College sports and sports history in general seems to be filled with stories and images of cultural pluralism, fairness, racial harmony, and color-blindness (Hylton, 2009); but what do the student-athletes themselves think? …

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7709/jnegroeducation.83.2.0121

Racism and Stereotyping on Campus: Experiences of African American Male Student-Athletes.

In recent years, public opinion towards gambling has become a more important factor in shaping public policy. Using a national public opinion survey conducted in Australia in 2011, this paper examines public opinion towards gambling in general and towards the government regulation of gambling in particular. Australia is an important case study because of the internationally high prevalence of gambling among the public, combined with a strong regulatory framework. Public opinion is measured by a reduced form of a scale first developed in Britain. The results confirm the generally negative views that the public holds towards gambling, which have been found internationally. In addition, the Australian public is open to the introduction of further restrictions on gambling. Overall, the public views the liberalization of gambling as having moved as far as most citizens find acceptable; to meet public expectations, future policies need to address more adequately the negative social consequences associated with ...

Public opinion towards gambling and gambling regulation in Australia

The expansion of participation in unpaid work such as internships, volunteering and educationally focused work placements may constitute evidence of deleterious changes to labour markets increasingly characterized by competition, precarious work and prolonged transitions to secure employment. Unpaid work, although under-researched, is increasingly relevant in times of ubiquitous unpaid internships and the use of volunteers in roles that would have been previously paid. Yet there remains a lack of clarity in terminology and focus across studies of unpaid work. This review article addresses this concern through two primary aims. First, we review the available literature around unpaid work setting out five themes: characterizations of unpaid work; the prevalence and underlying drivers of unpaid work; the apparent benefits of participation; the costs of participation; and regulatory and structural responses to unpaid work. Together, these themes set out a holistic interpretation of the accumulated state of knowledge in this area of inquiry including the implications for organizations, employers, higher education institutions, policy makers and unpaid workers. The second aim is to synthesise the current and emerging insights arising from the review as a matrix which delineates four distinct forms of unpaid work along two dimensions – purpose of participation and level of participatory discretion. The review and resulting matrix provides conceptual clarity around unpaid work practices that informs future research. It also raises pragmatic implications for institutional and managerial decision-making which is cognisant of the range of risks, costs, benefits and ethical issues associated with unpaid work.

Ubiquitous yet Ambiguous: An Integrative Review of Unpaid Work

(2004). Sport Management Internships: Agency Perspectives, Expectations, and Concerns. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 30-33.

Sport Management Internships: Agency Perspectives, Expectations, and Concerns

The objective of this study was to assess high school coaches' knowledge, attitudes, communication, and management decisions with respect to the Female Athlete Triad and to determine whether results are patterned by coach gender. Data were obtained through an online survey of high school coaches (n = 227). Significant differences were found between male and female coaches in certain attitudes and communication behaviors related to eating and menstrual irregularity. School or district level policies may help reduce these differences and may help mitigate the health consequences for athletes related to possible differential prevention and detection of the comorbidities of the Female Athlete Triad.

Gender Differences in High School Coaches’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Communication About the Female Athlete Triad

This paper provides a historical analysis of litigation involving Title IX from its enactment in 1972 until its thirty five year anniversary in 2007.

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A Historical Review of Title IX Litigation

Introductory Remarks.- The Revolution.- Betting and the Integrity of Sport.- European Union Law, Gambling, and Sport Betting. European Court of Justice Jurisprudence, member states case law, and policy.- Sports Betting and European Law in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice: A Study into the Application of the Stare Decisis Principle, or: the Application of the "Reversal Method" of Content Analysis and The Essence of the ECJ Case Law on Sports Betting.- Match-Fixing. FK Pobeda et al. v. UEFA (CAS 2009/A/1920).- Sports Betting in the Netherlands: a Legal Framework Study.- Argentina.- Sports Betting. Law and Policy in Austria.- Sports betting: Law and Policy. Belarus.- Towards A B2B Model for Online Sports Betting Operators in Belgium: is the New Business Model Viable for All Stakeholders? Sports Betting: Brazil.- Legal Regulation of Sport and Betting in Bulgaria.- Sports Betting in Canada.- "Sports Betting: Law and Policy." The Regulation of Sports Betting in the Caribbean.- Sport Betting and its Regulation in China.- Regulation of Sports Betting in the Czech Republic.- Sports betting regulation in Denmark.- Estonia: Regulation of Sports Betting Under the New Gambling Act.- Betting in France.- Reorganization of the Sports Betting Market in Germany.- Sports Betting in Greece.- The Sportbetting System in Hungary.- Sports Betting: Is it Really Illegal in India? Sports Betting in Indonesia.- Chapter on Sports Betting in Ireland.- Betting In Sports Events. Gambling In Italy.- Sports Betting and the Law in Japan.- Sports Betting in Kenya.- Sports Betting: Law and Policy. The Chapter on Latvia.- Sports Betting in Lithuania.- Sports betting in Luxembourg.- Legal Aspects of Sports Betting in Macedonia.- Sports Betting in New Zealand: The New Zealand Racing Board.- Sports Betting: Law and Policy (Northern Ireland).- Sports Betting in Norway: Law and Policy.- Sports Betting and the Law in Portugal.- Sports Betting in Romania.- Lotteries, Bookmakers and Sweepstakes in Russia.- Legal Aspects of Sports Betting in Serbia.- Sports Betting in Singapore.- Slovak Republic.- Operation, Problems and the Impact of Chance Games on the Development of Sport in Slovenia.- Gambling and Sport in South Africa.- Legal Regulation of Sports Betting in Spain and its History.- Sports Betting in Sweden.- Regulation of Sports Lotteries and Betting in Switzerland.- Les Paris Sportifs en Droit Turc (en Particulier dans le Domaine du Football Professionnel).- Juridical regulation of the betting in Ukraine.- Sports Betting: United Kingdom.- The Regulation of Gambling Under U.S. Federal and State Law.- The U.S. System for Regulating Internet Gambling.- U.S. Collegiate Athletics.- U.S. Gaming and Sports Facility Financing.- U.S. Professional Athletics.-

Sports Betting: Law and Policy

Analysis of 40 important legal developments within Title IX commemorating the 40th anniversary of the enactment of Title IX.

Title IX at Forty: An Introduction and Historical Review of Forty Legal Developments that Shaped Gender Equity Law

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The Internship Agreement: Recommendations and Realities

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Paul M. Anderson

Papers

A Historical Review of Title IX Litigation

Sports Betting: Law and Policy

Title IX at Forty: An Introduction and Historical Review of Forty Legal Developments that Shaped Gender Equity Law

The Internship Agreement: Recommendations and Realities

A Historical Review of Title IX Litigation