: Since the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) arrived in Atlantic city in 1958, there have been ongoing efforts in aviation human factors. These efforts have taken many forms and have focused on both the ground and air sides of the airspace system. Psychologists, engineers, systems analysists, computer scientists, and others have participated in the studies that have led to the numerous reports and papers cited in this bibliography. While this listing is probably not all inclusive, it covers virtually all work that is referenced in automated data bases plus publications that were identified by current and past researchers, but which never made it to the computerized listings. This bibliography is meant to highlight the work that has gone on over the years. While many of the documents cited are still available from the Technical Center library, or from the authors themselves, the editors do not suggest that everything is retrievable, and, in fact, much of the older work has been superseded by more modern technology and thinking. The research of 30 years ago has served as a foundation for the human factors engineering that is being done today. The references are provided In alphabetical order and indexed by numbers associated with subject matter categories. Human factors research is alive and continues to progress in the FAA and at the Technical Center.

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Human factors at the faa technical center: bibliography 1958-1994

: Subject pilot flight tests conducted at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory have produced new data characterizing the ability of general aviation pilots to visually acquire potential collision hazards when aided by Pilot Warning Instruments (PWI). In this paper major issues in the design of Pilot Warning Instruments are reviewed. Visual acquisition performances is described in terms of a non-homogeneous Poisson process and results of previous experiments are reinterpreted in this light. It is shown that the major test results can be explained in terms of an acquisition rate which is proportional to the solid angle subtended by the target. Model parameters appropriate for Lincoln Laboratory flight test data are derived by maximum likelihood techniques. A statistical analysis of significance is performed for other factors which are not explicitly included in this model. Performance predictions for a wide variety of aircraft sizes, approach speeds, and visibility conditions are presented. (Author)

Air-to-Air Visual Acquisition Performance with Pilot Warning Instruments (PWI).

Peripheral visual response time was measured in seven dark adapted subjects to the onset of small (45' arc diam), brief (50 msec), colored (blue, yellow, green, red) and white stimuli imaged at 72 locations within their binocular field of view The blue, yellow, and green stimuli were matched for brightness at about 26 sub log 10 units above their absolute light threshold, and they appeared at an unexpected time and location These data were obtained to provide response time and no-response data for use in various design disciplines involving instrument panel layout The results indicated that the retina possesses relatively concentric regions within each of which mean response time can be expected to be of approximately the same duration These regions are centered near the fovea and extend farther horizontally than vertically Mean foveal response time was fastest for yellow and slowest for blue Three and one-half percent of the total 56,410 trials presented resulted in no-responses Regardless of stimulus color, the lowest percentage of no-responses occurred within 30 deg arc from the fovea and the highest within 40 deg to 80 deg arc below the fovea

Response time to colored stimuli in the full visual field

This thesis covers research into the influence of human laterality on the evolution, design and operation of specific vehicle types. The research covers those aspects of human evolution and behaviour which appear relevant to man in a control interface. The research into human behaviour establishes the concept of 'skewed' man and relates it to the right-hand-world of artifacts. The research and dissertation covers:- water craft; animal-hauled vehicles; steerable land vehicles; steam railway locomotives; aircraft; space and future vehicles. For each of the transport systems studied an analysis is made of the extent of the influence of human laterality in relation to other factors; such as mechanical considerations. The research was made against the background of two principal factors: the Olympic anti-clockwise circling and the right-hand sword. As a bridge between non-vehicular and vehicular control interfaces some artifacts are described as quasi-vehicles; the plough and the pianoforte for example. For each form of transport, for each type of control position and for each operating environment there are specific conclusions about the degree of the influence of human laterality. Two general conclusions are:- 1. The longer established forms of transport usually exhibit the most evidence of the influence of laterality in the design of the control interface, whereas the more recent forms of transport show a greater influence on the rules governing the conduct of vehicles in the operating environment. 2. Increasingly the control interfaces of all types of transport tend towards less emphasis of human laterality factors as control inputs requiring muscular effort are replaced by simplified 'low-effor' actile inputs. Two pilot experiments are described: one with primary school children; the other with adults as subjects. The objective of the experiments being to find the extent to which experience of dextrad forms influences the arrangement of controls in a man/machine interface. These experiments are intended as recommendations for full-scale testing directed towards results which might give quantitative indications of the influence of human laterality on the design of vehicle control positions.

The influence of human laterality on the design and control of vehicles.

: A series of six experiments was conducted that have application to the development of Pilot Warning Instruments (PWI). The experiments were concerned with the effect of warning rates on pilot performance, pilot response to imminent collision threats, the evaluaion of scanning patterns, the value of warning-only, the effect of relative motion on pilot performance, and the effect of PWI display sector size. The results of these experiments offer a variety of useful data in the area of visual collision avoidance. (Author)

Paul M. Rich

Papers

Reactions of Pilots to Warning Systems for Visual Collision Avoidance.