The displacement of electronic absorption and luminescence spectra (solvatochromic shifts) are related to the solute—medium interactions. These interactions can be non-specific (dielectric interactions) when they depend only on multiple and polarizability properties of the solute and solvent molecules; but specific associations such as hydrogen bonding can also be important. A number of examples of solvatochromic shifts are shown and discussed according to the various solute—medium interactions. The properties of solvent mixtures and those of rigid media are considered, as well as the “thermochromic shifts” which result from the change in the temperature of the medium. The use of solvatochromic shifts for the determination of the dipole moment and of the polarizability of electronically excited molecules has been important for an understanding of electron distribution changes in such states; examples of such determinations are given, together with references to the original literature. In the final section some limitations of the theories of solvent shifts and possible improvements are discussed.

Invited review solvatochromic shifts: The influence of the medium on the energy of electronic states

Photophysics of aminophthalimides in solution. I, Steady-state spectroscopy

The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of carbazole–coumarin-based chalcones and their OBO complexes of D−π–A and D−π–A−π–D types with carbazole as donor substituted with N-alykl chain at the 9 position with carboxylic acid end group are studied in detail. These dyes exhibit good emission solvatochromism. The NLO properties of dyes 5–8 were studied by two methods, namely, solvatochromic and computational method. The linear polarizability (α), hyperpolarizability (β), and second-order hyperpolarizability (γ) of dyes 5–8 were studied by time-dependent density-functional theory computational method using five different range-separated functionals, namely, CAM-B3LYP, HISSbPBE, HSEH1PBE, wB97, and wB97X, with triple ζ basis set 6-311++G(d,p). The correlation between the NLO properties is well established with the geometry of the dyes by understanding the enhancement of hyperpolarizability, second-order hyperpolarizability, and two-photon absorption (TPA) properties of complexed and uncomplexed carbazole–coumar...

Enhancement of NLO Properties in OBO Fluorophores Derived from Carbazole–Coumarin Chalcones Containing Carboxylic Acid at the N-Alykl Terminal End

Solvatochromic shifts of non-dipolar molecules in polar solvents

4,4′‐Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenon (Michlers Keton) — ein universeller Indikator zur Bestimmung der Acidität, Dipolarität und Polarisierbarkeit von Reaktionsmedien

Paul Suppan

Papers

Absolute excited state dipole moments from solvatochromic shifts

Hydrogen bonding effects in spectral solvent shifts