Abstract The objective of this systematic review was to identify multifactorial risk factors for self‐reported insufficient milk (SRIM) and delayed onset of lactation (DOL). The review protocol was registered a priori in PROSPERO (ID# CDR42021240413). Of the 120 studies included (98 on SRIM, 18 on DOL, and 4 both), 37 (31%) studies were conducted in North America, followed by 26 (21.6%) in Europe, 25 (21%) in East Asia, and Pacific, 15 (12.5%) in Latin America and the Caribbean, 7 (6%) in the Middle East and North Africa, 5 (4%) in South Asia, 3 (2.5%) in Sub‐Saharan Africa, and 2 (1.7%) included multiple countries. A total of 79 studies were from high‐income countries, 30 from upper‐middle‐income, 10 from low‐middle‐income countries, and one study was conducted in a high‐income and an upper‐middle‐income country. Findings indicated that DOL increased the risk of SRIM. Protective factors identified for DOL and SRIM were hospital practices, such as timely breastfeeding (BF) initiation, avoiding in‐hospital commercial milk formula supplementation, and BF counselling/support. By contrast, maternal overweight/obesity, caesarean section, and poor maternal physical and mental health were risk factors for DOL and SRIM. SRIM was associated with primiparity, the mother's interpretation of the baby's fussiness or crying, and low maternal BF self‐efficacy. Biomedical factors including epidural anaesthesia and prolonged stage II labour were associated with DOL. Thus, to protect against SRIM and DOL it is key to prevent unnecessary caesarean sections, implement the Baby‐Friendly Ten Steps at maternity facilities, and provide BF counselling that includes baby behaviours.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/mcn.13353

Risk factors for self‐reported insufficient milk during the first 6 months of life: A systematic review

The objective of this study was to identify factors that influence early weaning occurrence, including an assessment of the stress experimented by mother's influence on breastfeeding interruption. The study comprised 40 mothers whose children were treated by Research and Dental Treatment Center for Special Patients - FOP - UNICAMP. As an inclusion criterion in the study, weaning should have taken place before the child was six months old. Mother inclusion and data collection occurred, at most, one month after breastfeeding interruption. The participants were interviewed individually, using a particular script, and then, the Inventory of Stress Symptom (ISS) was applied. Results showed a positive relation among mother's coming back to work, demonstration of stress symptoms and decreased milk production with the early weaning.

/pdf/analise-de-variaveis-biopsicossociais-relacionadas-ao-54z2hw03s6.pdf

Análise de variáveis biopsicossociais relacionadas ao desmame precoce

This paper uses the survey findings of rural Korean women from 7 nonrepresentative areas from May 1981-August 1981 to ascertain the prevalence of exclusive and extended breastfeeding frequency of breastfeeding and the pattern of artificial or supplementary feeding. All mothers began breastfeeding but many were immediately supplementing from the 1st month. 30% of the mothers who delivered in clinics began to supplement from the time of birth. Exclusive breastfeeding rates fall steeply with age while general extended breastfeeding rates fall slowly. Feeding rate on demand was 25.5% and more frequently among women with no past experience of breastfeeding and 74.5% of feeding was done on schedule. The most common reason given for not breastfeeding was "lack of or insufficient milk." About 10% of mothers were advised to give cows milk supplements by health personnel. Monthly supplementary feeding rates were gradually increased until the 12th month with steep curves from the 2nd-7th months. Cumulative frequency of infants having commercial weaning food reaches 20% at 9 months. (authors)

Paula Berlin

Papers

Prevalence of exclusive and extended breastfeeding among rural Korean women.